Tuesday, April 30, 2019

Ethics in financial institutions Literature review

Ethics in fiscal institutions - Literature retrospect ExampleReleasing such information to third parties exposes the customers to potential threats of information. Financial institutions should non only stress on improving their welfare but also that of the clients. To achieve this, it is vital that customers are involved in major decision making of any pecuniary institution. For instance, before a bank can produce any products in the market, it will be vital to seek the customers indulgence. This owes to the fact that such products are aimed at adding value to customers. On the other hand, it is the responsibility of the financial institution to protect the plight of the customers. This is in equipment casualty of any losses that may occur. For instance, technological advancement in the financial sector has opened an road for malpractices and fraudulent activities. Currently, there are many financial institutions, which have been hacked into making it difficult to operate. This has happened while these financial institutions straggle to maintain good relationship with the customers. There are various forms of unethical practices, which a financial institution can be accused of taking part in. the major ones include corruption, failing to unfold proper information to customers and extorting customers in terms of prices. Embezzlement of funds is a major issue, which many financial institutions grapple with. This is especi on the wholey in countries, which lack transparency and accountability within the financial institutions. However, financial institutions should not be entirely responsible for all losses, which the customers incur. This is mostly focusing on the fact that such customers may, by dint of with(predicate) their ignorance piece of ground their confidential information with third parties. This is especially those using ATM cards. Such individuals may share information, which can cause them get into major problems. The following discussi on focuses on the literature review on ethics in financial institutions. Literature review According to Goodpaster (84), financial institutions are out to suffice customers and therefore must abide to the moral ethical principles. One of the main things that the customers are looking for is a financial institution, which they can trust to give them the work needed. Trust is built on the quality of services offered to customers as well as the communication between the two. The financial institutions should be willing to disclose all the information that the customers need. Customers need all the financial information, which an institution deems important. In addition to that, the financial institutions should inform the customers on any changes, which have taken place. Keeping constant communication with the customers is one of the main ways through which trust is built between the customers and financial institutions. Secondly, Goodpaster (65), states that there is need to have cu stomer confidentiality. The information of the customer should not be disclosed to third parties. If this happens, the customer may lose their money. For that fact, there is need to get a line that the customers money is protected against any loss. The financial institutions however have been witnessing many challenges cod to increased fraudulent activities. Hackers have been able to get access to even the most guarded institutions in the world. Recently, some financial institutions in the United States have been hacked by fraudsters causing havoc within

Monday, April 29, 2019

COMPARATIVE SOCIALQ&A2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

COMPARATIVE SOCIALQ&A2 - Essay ExampleConcrete applications of the concept, though, are noticeably vague and varied. Consequently, there is little agreement over the definition of the concept, and it is exceptionally simple for sociologists to be discussing at cross objectives since they depend on various, and commonly understood, ideas of social structure.This unusual condition, that one of the core concepts of the discipline is strikingly misinterpreted, is obvious from the definitions of social structure in key dictionaries of sociology. Social structure is basically defined by sociologists as a term loosely applied to any recurring pattern of social conduct or, more specifically, to the ordered interrelationships between the different elements of a social system or society (Lopez & Scott 2000 1). Having provided this patently broad description, the dictionary immediately confirms However, there is no generally agreed meaning, and attempts at providing succinct definitions hold up proved singularly successful (Lopez & Scott 2000 1).Nevertheless, social structure should be understood as a net profit of social relationships among various groups of people, as well as a set of collective relations that colligate people together. These binding relationships organise the activities of the individuals so attached as well as their purposes and opportunities for fulfilling them. The notion of a social agency indicates the fact that individuals behave with purpose in their socially controlled settings to realise their socially organize interests. In the duration of their purposive quests individuals modify the structures that unite them (Nadel 1957).It is important to understand social structure for the source that there is no existing community devoid of social structure, and a human community ordain be impossible without culture. Humanitys social structures are significantly more unpredictable than those of some other genus, yet not as

Sunday, April 28, 2019

Business strstegy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business strstegy - Essay ExampleIn such changing environ custodyt, it is must for the organizations and the institutions to have enough flexibility and adaptability within the policies and procedures of such bodies so that the changing terms grass be easily inculcated. Such flexibility and adaptability has become the key for the sustainable growth and development of the organizations and institutions.Forestry deputation was established in England in the year of 1919 through the passing of the Forestry Act. The prime reason of the establishment of such commissioning was aimed at supplying the much required timbers that were in scarcity in those years because of the industrial revolution and the First World War. The government of England speculated another war in the near future and model it was necessary to have proper supply of timber. The secondary reason of the formation of such Commission was to moderate employment in the rural economy because of the changed political equa tions and also to provide employment to the soldiers those have unless returned from the war. Therefore, to serve so many of the objectives the Forestry Commission was formulated which till recently was under the control of the ex-army men and more importantly followed the organizational structure similar to that of the military. The structure was essentially a top-down champion with much emphasis on the features wish chain of command and order from the top.With the changing times, the role of the Forestry Commission also experienced paradigm shift. The department of the government that came in to existence for the purpose of timber production and rural employment was pressed by the government in the 70s and 80s to inculcate organizational efficiency like other departments of the government. The Forestry Commission also had certain internal conflicts. There was a clear difference among the organizational hierarchy resulting in them and us. Those who were the field

Saturday, April 27, 2019

History of Islamic Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of Muslim trick - Essay ExampleIn this area they formed the Caliphate of Crdoba, which remained until 1031 before falling due to the Fitna of al-ndalus.The Islamic art entails the visual arts that were produced by the people from 7th century and onwards. Thus, this art is tough to regulate since it covers various lands and diverse people for the time period of more than 1400 years. The vast capacity of Islamic architecture pertains to a distinctive article, belonging to various handle such as painting, textiles, calligraphy, ceramics, and glass among others. Some of the fields of art in the Umayyad dynasty are described belowArchitecture The building of the Umayyad dynasty is constructed with the local materials, generally of ashlars stone, which is usually combined with brick. The mosques and monuments with their austere exteriors provide the buildings a lavish interior decoration which is made of geometricly-patterned marble mosaics and revetement depict vegetal form s architecture, and objects with royal connotations such as vases and crowns.Carvings The primary decoration components of the Umayyads art had derived from the late-classical customs of wall- and floor-mosaic, stone-carving and wall-painting. It withal uses the plaster decoration, which was adopted from the Hellenised East. These designs are found across the complete range of mediums just like the geometrical deigns and vary from book illustration to plasterwork in woodwork, ceramics, ivory-carving and metalwork, even in textiles and carpets.Metalwork The art frequent has been a symbol of authority and kingship and has emerged as a theme from the creative appropriations from past and abroad (Heilbrunn Timeline of machination History). Numerous luxurious objects including the boxes of bronze animal statuary, gilt silver and carved ivory, and luxuriously figured silks had been equip for

Friday, April 26, 2019

Lab report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Lab report - Essay Example inward-developing violence is the description of the net force acting on an object moving in a circle. Any object moving in a circular motion will have a force acting on it to prevent it from deviating from the path of motion. The force also causes the object to deviate from its slap-up line motion. The attention of centripetal force is perpendicular to the velocity vector as the object is changing its direction and undergoing an inward quickening (James Shipman).An object moving in a circular motion is accelerating. The acceleration is as a result of changing velocity either the changing magnitude of the velocity vector or the direction. Even if the body is moving at a steady speed, it is accelerating due to changing direction. The direction of acceleration is inwards towards the centre of the circle.In the diagram above, the particle is moving with constant speed plainly its acceleration is changing due to the changing velocity factor. Due to this change, acceleration is noted and directed towards the centre.The direction of instantaneous velocity is obtained by taking the both radial vectors defining a circle in constant motion. As the two radial vectors get closer together, becomes tangent to the circle. Since the direction of the velocity is eq to the direction of, then the velocity vector is in the direction tangent to the circle pointing perpendicular to the government agency vector (James Shipman).Resolving tesnion in 1 and 2 into vertical and horizontal elements, we find that horizontal components T1cos and T2 cos ar in the same direction. These components add up to give centripetal force (James Shipman).The centripetal force for measurement 2 and 3 are the same because, in both cases, the masses on the hanger are almost the same. In measurement 2, the mass is 0.82 kg and in measurement 3, the mass on the hanger is o.84kg. These two masses produce relatively the same

Thursday, April 25, 2019

Comparison of Mary (from the long poem Half Hanged Mary) and Offred Essay

Comparison of Mary (from the long poem half(a) Hanged Mary) and Offred (from The Handmaids Tale) - Essay ExampleMary survives a hanging ranged over several hours In addition to that both(prenominal) Mary and Offred experience lack of empathy from the women. Mary expects her supposed friends to serve up her. She reflects upon the ways she had helped them in take issueent ways, expecting them to help her out nowWhile Marys old friends do not empathize with her succession she is hung because they want to be resistent from her, Serena, the Commanders wife, assists the Commander in his heinous act of fashioning love to Offred just for the sake of a baby. Both Mary and Offred find that women are only on that point to maximize their sufferings rather than reducing them. Serenas distaste for Offred is evident from the way she asks Offred to leave after she has had awaken with the Commander she says, You can get up now. Get up and get out (Atwood 95).Mary and Offred differ in their e xperiences. While Marys punishment is a tale that ranges from 700 pm to 800 am, Offred suffers for many months. The nature of their punishments is totally different from each other. Mary is hanged whereas Offred is punished in terms of her coerce separation from Luke and her daughter, forced sex with the Commander, and indecent proposals from the doctor, and a life of submissiveness and servitude to the Commander. Although both Mary and Offred are women of inexpugnable nerves, yet Mary expresses it overtly whereas Offreds patience and stamina is evident from the multifarious traumatic experiences she narrates in the story and yet retains the courage to give her life a last chance by escaping in the wan. Mary expresses her determination in these words,Mary and Offred are both women and this is their crime. Mary and Offred find other women manifold in mens ways to traumatize them. Mary and Offred have strong nerves. The two women differ in their nature of sufferings, their experien ces, and the duration of their

Wednesday, April 24, 2019

Spatial patterns in Okinawa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Spatial patterns in Okinawa - Essay ExampleOkinawa was originally occupied by the Archipelagos who used to make the region prosperous in trade during the fourteenth and sixteenth century, this is because, and it was used as an avenue for exchange between Japan and the South Eastern Asia. Okinawa island has been put into good will by the Japanese government whereby, we find that the region is to be put under a blue Administrative Management, where various principles argon to be applied these entangle the self-reliance principle, through which the people be given an opportunity to collaborate both nationally and internationally in the development of the Okinawa Island. There are also plans to allow the industrial growth through the enhancement of employment opportunities for the people, health care provision to the people and the discovery of high-quality technological advancement and the new ways of managing human resources that will always summate in the economic growth of th e region. The island is located between the Kyusyu and Taiwan, including the major cities of Asia such as Taipei, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Seoul, Manila and capital of Japan that are tell to be occupying part of the Okinawa Island. The island population had engaged in exclusive cultural activities such as textiles, arts and customs performance and potteries which basically contributed in the overseas trade.The geographical composition of this island include the coral rocks, through which the rain water filter through and creating many caves on the island, this caves are said to have played a major role in the war of Okinawa where most people were utilise them as there areas for hiding from their enemies.

Tuesday, April 23, 2019

Impact of National Culture on Organisational Culture Literature review

Impact of National Culture on Organisational Culture - literary works review ExampleWhile Johns (2006) stated that national nuance restricts the disparity in the culture of the organisations (Martocchio, & Liao, 2009, p. 4). It is of import that organisations around the world should know certain parameters on which cultural difference is based. Cultural differences can be a matter of concern as well as can be advantageous for the organisations. Its found can have a greater impact on the productivity and functioning of the organisations in orbicular market. The effects of differences amidst national culture and organisational can may be functional and dysfunctional depending on the situation. As far as dysfunctional effect of culture is considered, innovation and change is affected and throng thinking is encouraged (Aswathappa, 2010, p. 176). Literature Review Organisational Culture is the cooperative encoding of the brain that contrastingiates lot from a particular organisat ion from people belonging to some other(a)wise organisation. National Culture on the other hand can be defined as the cooperative encoding of the brain that differentiates people of a particular group from the people belonging to other group (Hofstede, n. d). It is believed that culture is a concept only if still the forces created in the situations related to organisation culture are said to be powerful. The difference between national and organisational culture may affect an organisation but on the hand it is also tell that there is a strong linkage between national and organisational culture. Moreover, organisational culture derives from national cultures. This signifies the advantage deceit in organisational culture being derived from national culture as it would create a better ground of the working culture in the host orbit. But, disadvantage associated with it also cannot be denied as the true culture of organisation is subjugated in presence of national culture. Newma n & Nollen (1996) have put forth the theory apothegm managing business with one best possible method is a wrong assumption. Cultural differences in different countries emphasises on different management practices by organisations. Diversity in the culture of organisation and the host country is a sensitive issue. Organisations around the world face challenges in diversified environment with different cultures. unalike people have different religious beliefs, come from different ethnic groups, and belong to different countries and or so importantly cultural difference. The complexity and the differences that arise between organisational and national culture gives rise to entities which are beyond expectation. It is believed that national cultures impact on employees is higher than the impact of organisational culture. Every organisation develops a culture of its own in the process of evolution as a global player. Organisational culture exploitation becomes all the more important to overcome the problems related to adaption in external environment. Globalisation on the other hand has made organisations improved entities and their cultures have made significant influence on the employees and their work culture. It is believed that international organisations have strong culture to overpower the impact of national culture, thereby helping multicultural people to assimilate in a team (Saiyadain, 2003, p. 262). National cultures cannot be neglected as they have great

Rdms, phase2 db1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rdms, phase2 db1 - Essay ExampleTwo faces of integrity constraints entity integrity and referential integrity be taken in account for the design and development of database system.An Entity is commonly thought of as a noun a person, place or thing. In a real sense, Entities reflect Tables in the database (Mickler, 2008). Entity integrity guarantees that there are no duplicate records within the table and that the field that identifies each record within the table is fantastic and never null. In general, Entity Integrity is the mechanism the system provides to maintain primary appoints so that there is a unique identifier for rows in the table (database.dev.co.uk, 2008). It is good practice to mystify primary mainstay in all(prenominal) table so that each row can be identified unambiguously. A primary key is typically only one field and that field is set to a special domain, or type (Mickler, 2008). A primary key, composed of one or more columns, uniquely identifies each row of a table and eliminates the possibility of duplicate rows in a table (CTU Online, 2008).According to Hoffer, Prescott & McFadden (2007), A foreign key is an attribute in a coition of a database that serves as the primary key of another relation in the same database. Referential integrity maintains the consistency among the rows of two relations. The referential integrity rule states that for each foreign key value in a table, there must be a identical primary key value in another table in the database (CTU Online, 2008). Problems arise when we fail to advert the tables properly and inadvertently delete data in a particular table that would result in broken links or floating records (Mickler, 2008).For the new Student Class Registration System we have to make sure that entity and referential integrity constraints are applied. Entity integrity can be achieved by having a primary key not null field in each table of the database system that uniquely identifies each row. In case o f our new Student Class Registration

Monday, April 22, 2019

Physics Project (( Radioactive decay )) Lab Report

Physics Project (( Radioactive vector decomposition )) - Lab Report ExampleWe utilize excel tables, bar graphs and smooth line graphs to analyses the data obtained from the laboratory. We found out that during one-half life fourth dimension interval the chance ons will decay to half its initial enumerate just as it will turn over with real nuclei decay. Also, that the decay process is an exponential function curve. To decay to zero, we need approximately three times the half-life of the coins. The throwing of the pennies proved to a good model for the nuclei decay process as shown by the expression distribution frequency curvesRadioactivity is the natural, spontaneous process in which a nucleus of an unstable particle loses energy by emitting particles such as gamma, beta or alpha particles. Past studies (Martin 2006. Pg 15) have shown that these hot nucleus though are randomly emitting particle, the time it takes for a particular radioactive element to sink to half its or iginal amount is always a constant. In this project, we set out to perform a radioactive decay process and find half-life by using the flipping of pennies. We set to investigate if half of the coins decays at each flip and also investigate the relationship between the accumulated coins decayed and the coins go forth curves. If we assume that the coins were being flipped at equal interval of time (half-life) we wanted also to investigate if the number of coins that decay each time is half the original number. With these objectives, we set the following hypothesis that tossing a coin is a good model for radioactive half-life (Cook 2010, Pg. 46). Approximately 50% of the coins should decay at each throw and that it should take approximately three shakes to get to zero coins left. In the second set up hypothesis were that four coins should decay most often on the first throw. Our prediction of the percentage decay first throws calculation is 50%. The distribution of the number of coins that decay on the first throw should be bell shaped (Cook 2010, Pg.

Sunday, April 21, 2019

Marketing Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Marketing Managment - Essay ExampleThis paper approves that organizations purchase behavior is dissimilar to the consumers. Organizations argon affected by environmental, organizational, interpersonal and individual factors. These individuals have their own get dressed of behaviors and tend to influence others through interpersonal contact. In the environmental factors side, economic conditions is considered, the state of technological sort is monitored, political and social factors are kept in mind and competitive developments play a major(ip) role in the companys decision. At present, green marketing/ environment marketing has no strategies for the conventional process of segmenting, targeting and positioning. This is due to the fact that green marketing is a relatively new phenomenon with not set rules therefore the process is constantly updated, shifted, revised and new rules are created. One can occasion the traditional way marketing works with segmentation, targeting and po sition and merge newer reforms into this.This essay makes a conclusion that interrogation conducted in the field of environment marketing, needfully to be extensive and experimental. Organizations that declared their own selves to be socially responsible should understand the transitional phase green marketing in undergoing. Universities etc need to implement elaborate about green marketing into their curriculum. Countries that are remote need to be made aware of their subjective resource and taught the proper implementations of these. Above all green market is a profitable theory which needs to be realized by governments of other countries. Organizations such as The Body Shop have shown to their competitors that ozone-friendly products are in demand and appreciated by the public. However the publics of developing countries do not have this natural selection and must be given so.

Saturday, April 20, 2019

Trademark Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Trademark - assignment ExampleA trademark is a mark that represents the distinction of certain goods in terms of the notice name, logo, label and many more. This mark helps in differentiating a traders commodities and work from those of others in a home. The right of this trademark is granted in terms of its logo, smell and taste among others. This mark is what any trader requires to own exclusive rights in commercially making use of goods and services that are under it. This as well licenses the traders to engage in the various sectors of business that are involved in the mark. Without this, anyone carrying out business activities in the nation is considered a criminal and can be detained. To prove their business legal therefore, one whitethorn require this trademark from the government. This familiarizes the government with the business activities taking place within the country and helps to control illegitimate businesses that are not healthy in terms of the welfare of the citizens in the nation. Application for this trademark takes place in government offices. A registration fee is charged during application, and in some cases is renewed monthly. This way, asunder from controlling business activities in the nation, the government also earns some revenue that later helps in campaign of the development projects that need to be fulfilled in building the nation. During the application emergence therefore, it is wise for a businessman to consider some issues before applying. It is wise to find out whether the application is really undeniable in ones case, whether their brand appropriately needs the mark, the right time for application and the process involved during the application. This is done to avoid poor decisions, which later may cause downfall (Isobel, 2015).Trademarks help the owners of the goods and services to protect their commodities from claims by the

Friday, April 19, 2019

Hispanic American Diversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Hispanic American Diversity - Research Paper ExampleMexican Americans countenance been living for a very long time in the United States and have altered accordingly to the demands of the culture and society. In 2006 it was found that 14 percent of the documented immigrants in the United States belonged to Mexico. These Americans atomic number 18 diverse when it comes to their language. Twenty-six percent of the Mexican Americans can talk in both Spanish and English, 23 percent of them talk English whereas 51 percent speak Spanish. The political stance of Mexican American remains the same as the other Hispanic sort outs as they have been long ignored in the political arena because of their language differences. However, their voting rights were established long back and they are able to take easily. It has also been realized that they form a great portion of the voters and they have been specifically targeted by many a(prenominal) leaders. Although their political strength is inc reasing with every passing day it can be still seen that iniquity prevails against these immigrants in terms of education, testing and immigration reforms. The Mexican Americans follow the principles of Catholicism accordingly. The frugal condition of these Americans has not become any better as there still remains a huge initiative between the born Americans and the immigrants. The rate of poverty, unemployment is higher(prenominal) in this group if compared with the Whites (Schaefer 2010 Keedle 2010).Puerto Ricans form another major group of Hispanics in the United States. These Americans tend to be more oriented towards the English Language as they have been a part of the US history. These people have known to be undergoing a phenomenon known as neocolonialism as they are not able to accept the American identity as a whole. The economic stance of the Puerto Ricans is not as good as the whites and they are known to suffer from a higher rate of unemployment too.

Thursday, April 18, 2019

AIDS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

AIDS - Essay ExampleOfficial Statistics of global human immunodeficiency virus infections in the 1980s provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) for example were put at between 5 million to 10 million (James Chin), a figure which sent shockwaves globally as there was change magnitude talk nearly the ability of infections to reach epic proportions if prompt and serious interventions are not make to address the supposed looming global plaguey.Evidently, such a looming global health disaster required scientific research and study into its causes and popular modes of transmission and reports published by international bodies like WHO and UNAIDS have function an almost for sure truth.This essay will attempt a presentation of five popularly held conceptions (or misconceptions) about HIV AIDS that have been perpetuated by international organizations like UNAIDS and WHO and which have been accepted as the unquestionable consensus.According to James Chin one major misconception abou t HIV AIDS is the assertion that nearly everyone is at almost equal risk of infection with HIV. This fuelled the perception that in the absence of vulturine prevention programs directed to the general population, especially the youth, it is only a matter of time before epidemic heterosexual HIV transmission will break out in populations where HIV prevalence is showtime (James Chin, 165). This conception has proved to be false. Barry Schoub has for instance said concerning the HIV virus that in terms of its ability to transfer itself from one host to another, it ranks as one of the least efficient of viruses. (91)This is because different an airborne virus like the influenza virus, the HIV virus cannot adapt to environments outside of the warm nurturing intra-cellular reparation in the human body (Barry Schoub, 91). Thus The venereal route is ideally suited for its transmission (Barry Schoub, 91). Notably, HIV transmission is to a large extent effected through sexual

Wednesday, April 17, 2019

Background of Tourism Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Background of Tourism Industry - Case Study ExampleThe four main crook operators or the Big Four in the UK include TUI, MyTravel, First Choice and Thomas Cook. However, consolidation and mergers moderate taken place among the Big Four as Thomas Cook and MyTravel have merged bit TUI has merged with Britains First Choice (FVW, 2006).The growth of the British proceed market has outpaced that of the rest of the actual world. The UK is an important originating market for long-haul travel and the British holidaymakers have a tendency to use tour operators when locomotion long-haul. The growth of TUI tooshie be attributed to the growing demand in the UK. This paper proposes to understand how TUI could attain leading in the European tourism industry and how they have been able to keep the competitors at bay.The history of TUI can be traced way back to 1923, the year in which the company was formed and started operating in industry, glamour and natural resources (TUI, 2009). In 1997 t he organization shifted its focus to travel and tourism. The 2001 year saw a new care structure coming into place which gave a new strategic focus to the organization. Today TUI is the market attracter with 11 Boeing Dreamliners and 50 next-generation 737s. It has around 200+ brands in its kitty. It operates in 180 countries worldwide serving more(prenominal) than 30 million customers. It employs 50,000 people and operates pan-Europe consisting 150 aircraft (TUI, 2009a). they have set up their own low-cost travel agencies across Europe and in Germany, they also share their tour online through Touropa.com. In addition, they also sell through travel agencies, television and call centers. This strategy gave a boost to TUIs position in Europe as they became Europe leaders in the direct sale of travel products with a perturbation of 2.6bn in 2005. It then became the biggest tour operator in Europe.

Tuesday, April 16, 2019

Acuna Manual Binder Essay Example for Free

Acuna Manual Binder Es orderOccupied Ameri scarcet endister is a schoolbook book, and buncosequently is a survey of the muniment of the Chicana/o people in in the joined kingdoms, which acknowledges in general people of Mexican railway line in the joined States. However, I often use the fussatic condition Latino when referring to the family of Latin the Statesns in the United States. Statistics ar so co-mingled by academicians that it is often difficult to burst the disparate assorts. With this said, Latin Americans sh are a hi fiction of colonialism organism occupied by Spain and variant more or less other European nations after 1492 when the occupation of the Americas began. Mexico has had the longest contact with the Euro-American nation teleph wized the United States, sharing a move up 2000 mile border with the U. S. The occupation of Mexico began in 1519 a hundred years before the British land on Plymouth Rock (1620). This survey history begins in Pre-Co lumbian times with the history of the Native Americans with whose history Mexicans are stamped genetic alto get hold ofhery and culturally. After 500 years of occupation, ninety percent of Mexicans carry Indian deoxyribonucleic acid contrast this to Euro-Americans, of whom fewer than one percent shit Indian blood The World Fact Book, Mexico, https//www.cia. gov/ subroutine library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx. html.The Mexican cuisine also pays homage to the Indian old as do m well-nigh(prenominal) tramp names. The textbook uses timelines to make sense of what happened and why it happened. I tell my students that to be effective they have to elate how to organize. One of the problems with many of us is that our pa take ons never taught us to organize the first step should have been to describe how to organize our highboy clothes are not randomly thrown into a drawer. The timeline is our highboy, it ordain friend us make sense out of time and put together a stor y.This is why I tell students to learn how to use story boards to fill in the timeline. You can pull up a number of good sites for story boards (e. g. , http//www. storyboardthat. com/). It is the same technique that is used in writing a depiction script. The storyboard lets you know where you were and where you are going. Chapters in books serve the same function. Footnotes verify the veracity of the story as wholesome as build the story. Your critical thinking skills help you interpret it. This mini book includes eleven modules to accompaniment the chapters in the book.It is a guide that can easily be converted into an online class. Whereas the book chapters provide a macro story, the modules provide added materials. I have included internet articles with visuals as well as YouTube presentations and events. These are designed to further support those of you who are taking the class online. It also provides support to instructors and reduces the need for high-ticket(prenominal) readers. excogitate of caution the sites often change tie addresses so if one goes down, email us and we entrust correct it. The entire purpose of this manual is for you to better understand history.As mentioned, each module corresponds to a chapter or chapters in Occupied America. They are divided into Assigned Readings in Chapter(s), an Introduction, Internet articles, You Tube Lectures, and suggested intervention minds. The appendices have recommended websites, suggested programs in the American Experience/PBS, Music of the 1960s, and a list of four year institutions that have Bachelor of Arts programs in Chicana/o Studies. I also include a tour of a Chicana/o Research Site. I begin this endeavor with a short tour of the Arizona State University Chicana/o Collection. I plan to add other sites on a monthly basis.We must record that history is a study of documents that is what footnotes are all a number. My Facebook account is under https//www. facebook. com/rudy. acuna. 94 06 Mini Course staff I IDENTITY Required Text Rodolfo F. Acuna, Occupied America A History of Chicanos ( spick-and-span York Pearson, 2014). Reader Rodolfo F. Acuna, ed. , Guadalupe Compean ed. , Voices of the U. S. Latino Experience Three Volumes (Santa Barbara ABC CLIO Books, 2008). Do not grease ones palms the book ( to a fault expensive) access the E-Book by dint of your university library. I. Definitions Identity a) Rodolfo F. Acuna, The Word Chicana/o.Words have misbegottenings, meanings that are supposed to be linked to reality. In creating a diachronic narrative, the meanings should be clear and trounce describe the reality of the times. Meanings can be obscured for political purposes we often call this doublespeak we say one thing and mean another(prenominal). The Chicana/o Public Scholar argues that the leger Chicana/o best describes the area of studies called Chicana/o Studies, and it expresses the idealism that we as a community should be striving for. The Mexican American generation proactively fought for our civil rights, demanding equality under the virtue as Americans.The Chicano Movement demanded equality as merciful beings and asserted the right to call themselves what they pleased. It was under the Chicano watch that entitlements were dramatically broadened and larger numbers of peo ple of Mexican melody entered colleges and universities. They demanded their rights and did not see training as a privilege. just calling yourself a Chicano or any other news is not enough. You can call yourself a Christian but that does not needs make you a good person. Words have meanings, meanings are supposed to be linked to reality. The word Chicano in Spanish is gender neutral. console, many Chicana/o scholars felt that words should be transformative. Sexism was a problem that was tearing the movement apart. Chicano Studies became Chicana/o Studies to denote the equality of the sexes and underscore that gender discrimination damages our piec e as much as racism does. The redefinition of the word led to an examination of homophobia. Thus, the meaning of the word Chicana/o expanded reality. The 1970s and 1980s saw large numbers of Mexican and Latin American immigrants. We failed to link the meaning of the word Chicana/o to the reality of the immigrant population that now rivaled the second generation in numbers.The Mexican American and Chicano Generations had widened the entitlements of all immigrants. However, many of these immigrants held on to old definitions, such as equating the word Chicano to guile or low class. Many continued to link their struggle for equality to their home countries rather than linking it to their unsanded reality. At the same time, the arrival of millions of Mexicans and Latin Americans dramatically expanded the Latino market. Government agencies and commercial enterprises looked upon the Mexican American and Latino as commodities and linked these new definitions to illusions.To broaden the dis melody, we are including articles by the martyred Ruben Salazar, Frank del Olmo, and Cheech Marin. Ruben Salazar, Who Is a Chicano? And What Is It the Chicanos Want? , Los Angeles Times, Feb 6, 1970 pg. B7 http//forchicanachicanostudies. wikispaces. com/file/ imagine/Ruben%20Salazar. pdf/61339512/ Ruben%20Salazar. pdf Frank del Olmo, Latinos by Any another(prenominal) Name Are Latinos, Los Angeles Times, whitethorn 1, 1981 ) pg. D11 http//forchicanachicanostudies. wikispaces. com/file/view/Frank%20del%20Olmo. pdf/61343630/ Frank%20del%20Olmo. pdf Cheech Marin, What is a Chicano Who the hell knows? May 3, 2012 http//cheechmarin.com/2012/05/03/what-is-a-chicano/ Cheech To me, you have to declare yourself a Chicano in order to be a Chicano. That makes a Chicano a Mexican-American with a defiant political position that centers on his or her right to self-definition. Im a Chicano because I say I am. But no Chicano will agree with me because one of the characteristics of being Chic ano is you dont agree with anybody, or anything. And for certain not another Chicano. We are the only tribe that has all chiefs and no Indians. But dont ever insult a Chicano about being a Chicano because past all the other Chicanos will be on you with a vengeance.They will even fight each to be first in line to support you. Its not a house that appears on any U. S. Census survey. You can check White, AfricanAmerican, Native-American, Asian, Pacific Islander and even Latino (which Chicanos hate). But there is no little recession you can check that says Chicano. However, you can get a Ph. D. in Chicano Studies from Harvard and a multitude of other universities. You can cash retirement checks from those same prestigious universities after having taught Chicano Studies for 20 years, but there still no official recognition from the government. No wonder Chicanos are confused.So where did the word Chicano come from? Again, no devil Chicanos can agree, so here is my definition what I think. In true Chicano fashion, this should be the official version. The word Chicano was originally a derisive term from Mexicans to other Mexicans victuals in the United States. The concept was that those Mexicans animateness in the U. S. were no longer truly Mexicanos because they had given up their country by living in Houston, Los Angeles, Guada La Habra, or some other city. They were now something else and something less. Little satellite Mexicans living in a foreign country. They were something small.They were chicos. They were now Chicanos. If you lived near the U. S. -Mexican border, the term was more or less an insult, but always some kind of insult. In the primal days, the connotation of calling someone a Chicano was that they were poor, illiterate, destitute people living in tin shacks along the border. As soon as they could get a car give and could move farther away from the border, the term became less of an insult over the years. But the resentment still lingere d. Some ask wherefore cant you people just all be Hispanic? Same reason that all white people cant just be called English.Just because you speak English or Spanish does not mean that you are one group. Hispanic is a census term that some dildo in a government office make up to include all Spanish-speaking brown people. It is especially annoying to Chicanos because it is a catch-all term that includes the Spanish conqueror. By definition, it favors European cultural invasion, not endemic roots. It also includes all Latino groups, which brings us together because Hispanic annoys all Latino groups. Why? Because theyre Latino and its part of their nature. (Arent you glad you asked? ) So what is a Latino? (Its bid opening Pandoras box, huh? ) Latino is refers to all Spanishspeaking people in the New World South Americans, interchange Americans, Mexicans, and Brazilians (even though they speak Portuguese). All those groups and their descendants living in the United States fate to b e called Latinos to recognize their Indian roots. Mexicans call it having the Nopal in their face, that prickly pear cactus with huge flat leaves that Mexicans eat, revere, and think they look like. When you go to Mexico and walk down the street in Mexico City, its like walking through a Nopal cactus garden. Nopal is everywhere.For Latinos who dont want to be so Nopalese, theres always Mexican-American. Or the dreaded Hispanic that should only be used when go about with complete befuddlement from the person asking what you are. Because I am the only official version of what being Chicano is, I say Mexican-American is the politically correct middle ground between Hispanic and Chicano. Like in the song I wrote to be sung by a Chicano hard to be P. C. Mexican-Americans dont like to just get into gang fights they like flowers and music and white girls named Debbie too. All those names made it confusing for me growing up.I lived in an all-black neighborhood, followed by an all-white one, and other kids in the always called me Mexican in both neighborhoods. It never bothered me until one day I thought to myself Hey, wait a minute, Im not Mexican. Ive never even been to Mexico and I dont speak Spanish. Sure, I eat Mexican food at family gatherings where all of the adults speak Spanish, but I eat Cheerios and pizza pie and hamburgers more. No, Im definitely not a Mexican. Maybe I was Mexican-ish, just like some people were Jew-ish. These thoughts all ran through my mind when I chased down an alley by quint young AfricanAmerican kids.Yo, Messican they called out in their patois. I stopped in my tracks and spun around. Im not a Mexican I shouted defiantly. They stopped too, then stared at me. The leader spoke, Fool What you talking bout? You Mexican as a taco. Look at you. No,, I said. To be a Mexican, you have to be from Mexico. Youre African-American. Are you from Africa? N. You crazy. Im from South-Central, just like you. Thats exactly what Im talking about I said. Did anybody knock on your door and ask you did you want to be African-American? Hell noThe kind workers dont even knock on our door, they too scared, he said, cracking everyone up. Then why you letting people call you whatever they want? What do you want to be called? I asked. He looked at the others, thought about it for a few seconds and then said proudly, Im a Blood. Ooo-kay, I said making it up as I went along. Then youre a Blood-American. That seemed to go over well. They all nodded. Yeah, we Blood-American. Well, then go out and be the best Blood-Americans that you can be. Peace, brothers, I got to blow. I walked away and so did they. Self-identification saved the day.Yet, I still was displease with what I wanted to call myself. When I got home, there was a party going on. A bunch up of relatives had come over for dinner and everybody was sitting around gabbing and drinking beer. My Uncle Rudy was in the middle of a story So, I took the car into the dea ler and he said, Yeah, the repairs gonna run you about $250. Two-fifty? Estas loco? Hell, just give me a pair of pliers and some tin foil. Ill fix it Im a Chicano mechanic. Two-fifty, mis nalgas. And that was the delimitate epiphany. A Chicano was someone who could do anything. A Chicano was someone who wasnt going to get ripped off.He was Uncle Rudy. He was industrious, inventive, and he wants another beer. So I got my Uncle Rudy another beer because, on that day, he showed me that I was a Chicano. Hispanic my ass, Ive been a Chicano ever since. Cheech Marin, Originally published in the Huffington Post. This is the first article in a three-part series on What is a Chicano by actor, director, and art advocate Cheech Marin. II. The Study of Chicana/o Rodolfo F. Acuna, Chicana/o Studies What are they? , October 2010 It has been forty years since the first Chicano Studies programs were initiated on campuses throughout the United States.This accomplishment is a tribute to the tenac iousness of less than a couple of hundred students who were concerned about the failure of the schools to educate Mexican American students, pointing to the horrendous dropout rate in the public schools. Since then few scholars of any race have examined this historic phenomenon, treating CHS just like any other product of the sixties, forgetting how and why they came about. In many cases it has become the preoccupancy of many Chicana/o faculty members to prove their legitimacy.It is not uncommon for them to claim this legitimacy by statement that Chicana/o studies is a content national distinguishing CHS programs from service departments and pedagogical fields such as education. all wave of scholars for the past forty years has ignored important epistemological questions. Because of this, we have to suffer through a rash of conferences rehashing movement events without transaction with the genesis of individual programs or the nature of CHS. Instead of searching how and why CHS came about, we theorize what it is and avoid an epistemological understanding. Few scholars have attempted to answer why the ontogeny of CHS has been so uneven.They have not dealt with basic questions such as the historical expirations within southwest states themselves. For instance, Texas and calcium are often as diametric as the disparate Central American nationalities. Population and modes of drudgery in these states differ even within the states, there are the distinctions (e. g. , northern and southern California, El Paso, the Rio Grande Valley, and San Antonio). infra the sway of the elitism of the academy, many CHS scholars claim that CHS is a content field. They claim that they are just as hard-and-fast as the other tallys.It is common in academe for the hard sciences to occupy the top of the pyramid, followed by the social sciences, the humanities, and the liberal arts with education occupying the lowest step search rules, not tenet. In academe, rarely are doctrin e methods discussed. Methods more often refer to research methods. inwardly this logic quantitative techniques trump qualitative evidence. Similarly, research institutions trump statement colleges with the state rewarding researchers more generously. The teaching load at research and teaching institutions is distinguished by the actual time devoted to teaching.Professors at research institutions teach lighter loads, get more sabbatical time, and get more grants to fund research. This pecking order has influenced the development of the disparate programs. For instance, it has only been until lately that the Chicana/o studies department at California State University at Northridge has been able to attract Chicanas or Chicanos with doctorates from stage one institutions. I have spoken to Chicanas/os who professed their commitment to the revolution who said they had not gotten a PhD to work the same hours as a high school teacher.This attitude was common to Chicanas/os across the bo ard, regardless of gender or whether they were Marxists, feminists, or nationalists, and it profoundly affected the development of what is today called Chicana/o studies. In considering outcome, it would have been important to define and debate teaching methods. My first proposition is that there is a difference between Chicana/o studies programs that are defined by a curriculum rather than an individual course in the traditional disciplines.For instance, Chicana/o history is not Chicana/o studies, it is a field within the discipline of history where common historical methods are used to research, study, and teach that corpus of knowledge of Mexican American people. In the same vein, Chicana/o literature does not study, research, or teach CHS but it is a field within the discipline of literature. My second proposition is that Chicana/o studies are not defined by content, but rather they are bound together by a pedagogy that defines their purpose. It is the foundation used to spark and teach Latina/o students.The content is an important motivational tool to inspire students to learn and to correct the invalidating self-images that have come about through the process of colonialism. This is not unique to Mexican Americans. The national question raged in Europe during the latter part of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Hence, content fields poring over CHS should have developed within the context of a pedagogy, which should have given it a sense of purpose. Other than perhaps at California State Northridge, the focus has been on the development of content fields. Little consolidation has taken place.There has been an artificial pursuit of finding a common research methodology which is around impossible. It is not enough to say that a multidiscipline approach is part of its course of study. A more indispensable linking is pedagogy. In struggling toward an identity for Chicana/o studies, I have tried to convey this particular view to colleagues. However, they often ignore me and I am certain that they write it off as cada loco con su tema (every madman to his own opinion). I did not find much of an audience until I came into contact with La Raza Studies program at the Tucson Unified schooldays District.Today Chicana/o studies is under attack by conservatives and neo-Nazis who say that it is unpatriotic because it teaches about Mexicans and emphasizes teaching methodology using the principles of Paulo Freire, John Dewey, and Edwin Fenton rejecting the model that students should be warehoused. This flies in the face of the goal of educating students. The Tucson outcome has been more than encouraging. Currently, Latino and African American males have the lowest tercet grade reading test scores in the nation.The Latino high school dropout rate comprehensive hovers around 56 percent, higher if the dropout from middle school to high school is included. Only about 24 percent of graduating Latinos go on to college, mostly to co mmunity colleges. Tucsons Unified School Districts social Studies and Mexican American Studies programs has reversed these trends. The dropout rate in this program is 2. 5 percent. Students in the program significantly outdo their peers on the states standardized AIMS tests and 66 percent of these students go on to college.This semester the program is offering 43 sections and serves 1500 students in six TUSD high schools, with similar programs at the middle and elementary school levels. The classes are designed to be culturally relevant to help the students see themselves in the curriculum and make them see why education is important for them. If they see themselves in the educational literature, they find more reasons to read and write, to research and draw conclusions. Central to La Raza Studies is the use of critical theory which essentially means that they use the Socratic Method, a powerful, teaching tactic for fostering critical thinking.It focuses on giving students quest ions, not answers. It has been used in the better law schools to prepare American law students for Socratic questioning. Apparently, critical thinking threatens many white Americans who do not want Mexicans questioning their version of the truth. In the late 1960s, California Superintendent of Schools Max Rafferty called a mitigate movement advocating a similar inquiry method of teaching social science subversive because it taught students to question. Logically, Americans should be elated that Mexicans are learning and are motivated to go to college. So why are they trying to eliminate it?The truth be told, they dont want Mexicans to succeed. They want them to live up to the stamp and to be subservient. They dont want competition for higher paying jobs they dont want to endanger their poorly paid reserve labor pool. People in La Raza Studies are in effect(p) about their pedagogy. This past July they held the 12th Annual Institute for Transformative Education in partnership with the University Of Arizona School Of Education. The institutes feature educators from across the United States. http//www. tusd. k12. az. us/contents/depart/mexicanam/index. asp .The presenters and the participants are multiracial, (e.g. , scholars such as Pedro A. Noguera, Executive Director, Metropolitan Center for Urban Education New York University, and Angela Valenzuela, University of Texas Austin). Their focus is to improve teaching effectiveness. For the past forty years, every reform measure that involves better teaching has been shot down by the American electoratebilingual education, affirmative action, racial integration, smaller class sizes, etc. Even though programs such as La Raza Studies prove that programs work when they are properly thought out and supported, a pretext is roughly always found to eliminate them.Americans want to continue the same old blame game. In the mid-twenties they satanic Mexican culture and sought to Americanize Mexican American youth. In th e sixties they blamed the parents, the Mexican family. Today they are blaming the teachers. The bottom line is that the United States has effectively saved trillions of dollars in chapiter by draining professionals trained from other countries at the same time, it outsources well-paying technical jobs and production to poor countries. The United States does not need an educated workforce.It goes back to why educate Mexicans, whos going to pick our crops? sort of than educating Latinos, the solution is to not educate them, but to build more prisons. Keep them south of the border, and if we need them, rent them, like we do U-hauls. III. They speak. What is a Chicano? http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=v8npwn61ZXk I Am Joaquin part one of cardinal http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=U6M6qOG2O-o Read the followers articles on identity Finding Identity Within the Chicano Movement http//voices. yahoo. com/finding-identity-within-chicano-movement-6695464.html Chicano Identity in Literature http//www. enotes. com/chicano-identity-literature-93-salem/chicano-identity-literature Dr. David Sanchez Moderator, The Word Latino excludes the Native American, Mexican American University (December 9, 2005) http//www. mexicanamericanuniversity. com/forum/view. php? site=mexicanamericanunive rsitycombn=mexicanamericanuniversitycom_mauforum2key=1126577705 What does the author say about identity? Do you agree, why or why not? IV. Where Latinos Live A map of Americas Hispanic population, county by county.By prick McClellanPosted Monday, July 9, 2012, at 636 AM ET http//www. slate. com/articles/news_and_politics/map_of_the_week/2012/07/map_of_america_s _hispanic_population_county_by_county. html circle Motel and Eileen Patten, Characteristics of the 60 Largest Metropolitan Areas by Hispanic Population, church bench Hispanic Center, September 19, 2012 http//www. pewhispanic. org/2012/09/19/characteristics-of-the-60-largest-metropolitan-areas-byhispanic-population/ Jeffrey Passel and DVera Cohn, Unauthorized Immigrants 11. 1 Million in 2011, Pew Hispanic Center, December 6, 2012,http//www. pewhispanic. org/2012/12/06/unauthorized-immigrants-11-1-million-in- 2011/ Jeffrey Passel and DVera Cohn, How Many Hispanics? Comparing Census Counts and Census Estimates, Pew Hispanic Center, March 15, 2011 http//www. pewhispanic. org/2011/03/15/how-many-hispanics-comparing-census-counts-andcensus-estimates/ Jeffrey Passel, DVera Cohn and Mark Hugo Lopez, Hispanics Account for More than Half of Nations Growth in Past DecadeCensus 2010 50 Million Latinos, Pew Hispanic Center, March 24, 2011 http//www. pewhispanic.org/2011/03/24/hispanics-account-for-more-than-half-of-nationsgrowth-in-past-decade/ Seth Motel and Eileen Patten, The 10 Largest Hispanic Origin Groups Characteristics, Rankings, Top Counties, Pew Hispanic Center, July 12, 2012 http//www. pewhispanic. org/2012/06/27/the-10-largest-hispanic-origin-groups-characteristicsrankings-top-counties/ Seth Motel and Eileen Pat ten, Statistical Profile, Hispanics of Mexican Origin in the United States, 2010, Pew Hispanic Center, June 27, 2012 http//www. pewhispanic. org/2012/06/27/hispanics-of-mexican-origin-in-the-united-states-2010/V. Art and the Chicana/o How do the arts express identity? See Art and Ethnic Politics, http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=ejymct6ipMQfeature=related Exploration with painter Malaquias Montoya, http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=3zRxSnDVKVgNR=1 http//www. youtube. com /watch? v=NGuD8wD2Bl8feature=relmfu Latino art Latino artist videos and articles at Latinopia. com http//latinopia. com/category/latino-art/ JUDY BACA IN HER OWN WORDS http//latinopia. com/latino-art/judy-baca/ HARRY GAMBOA, JR. IN HIS OWN WORDS http//latinopia. com/category/latino-history/latinopia-event/VI.Epistemology Students always ask why scholars differ in their interpretations of history. The answer is that they often arrive at different conclusions from how they derived their knowledge. For example, the debate over creation A person basing his or her knowledge on faith whitethorn reach a different conclusion than one basing it on science. A recent article in the Smithsonian Magazine demonstrates this. In Simon Baatz, Leopold and Loebs Criminal Minds, Smithsonian magazine, August 2008, http//www. smithsonianmag. com/history-archaeology/criminalminds.html the author retells the story of the famous Leopold and Loeb trial where two teenage friends killed a 10 year old boy because they wanted to commit the perfect crime. The following from the Baatz article cited above the whole article can be obtained by clicking on to the Smithsonian link above. How do you think this piece pertains to the class? The question of who was to blame for the Mexican Texas and Mexican American Wars involves different interpretations. A majority of Americans and a host of American historians blame Mexico. Because I have taken the opposite view some historians have attacked me.But what it comes down to is Fait h versus the documents. See http//www. tamu. edu/ccbn/dewitt/dewitt. htm for a host of primary documents dealing with both. The question in the Smithsonian article would be how and why did the psychiatrist differ? The answer sheds light on the Mexican American War. Mini Course Module II Mexico Pre-1821 Required Text Rodolfo F. Acuna, Occupied America A History of Chicanos (New York Pearson, 2014), Chapters 1 and 2. Reader Rodolfo F. Acuna, ed. , Guadalupe Compean ed. , Voices of the U. S. Latino Experience Three Volumes (Santa Barbara ABC CLIO Books, 2008).Do not buy the book (too expensive) access the E-Book through your university library. I. The hybridization of Mexico The site of advanced Amerindian civilizations including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec Mexico was conquered and colonized by Spain in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved its independence early in the 19th century. The glob al monetary crisis beginning in late 2008 caused a massive economic downturn the following year, although growth returned readily in 2010.Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, underemployment for a large divide of the population, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities for the largely Amerindian population in the impoverished southern states. The elections held in 2000 mark the first time since the 1910 Mexican Revolution that an opposition candidate Vicente FOX of the National Action company (PAN) defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON.National elections, including the presidential election, are scheduled for 1 July 2012. Since 2007, Mexicos powerful drug-trafficking organizations have engage in bloody feuding, resulting in tens of thousands of drug-related homicides. CIA Factbook Modern Day Mexico Ethnic groups mesti zo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or preponderantly Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1% Languages Spanish only 92. 7%, Spanish and indigenous languages 5. 7%, indigenous only 0. 8%, unspecified 0. 8%. line of work indigenous languages include various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional languages (2005).Religions Roman Catholic 76. 5%, Protestant 5. 2% (Pentecostal 1. 4%, other 3. 8%), Jehovahs Witnesses 1. 1%, other 0. 3%, unspecified 13. 8%, none 3. 1% (2000 census) Population 114,975,406 (July 2012 est. ) country parity to the world 11 Source CIA Factbook https//www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/mx. html The United States In contrast the United States is Ethnic groups white 79. 96%, black 12. 85%, Asian 4. 43%, Amerindian and Alaska native 0. 97%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander 0.18%, two or more races 1. 61% (July 2007 estimate) note a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mea n persons of Spanish/Hispanic/Latino origin including those of Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Dominican Republic, Spanish, and Central or South American origin living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group (white, black, Asian, etc. ) about 15. 1% of the total US population is Hispanic Languages English 82. 1%, Spanish 10. 7%, other Indo-European 3. 8%, Asian and Pacific island 2. 7%, other 0.7% (2000 census) Note Hawaiian is an official language in the state of Hawaii Religions Protestant 51. 3%, Roman Catholic 23. 9%, Mormon 1. 7%, other Christian 1. 6%, Jewish 1. 7%, Buddhist 0. 7%, Muslim 0. 6%, other or unspecified 2. 5%, unaffiliated 12. 1%, none 4% (2007 est. ) Population 313,847,465 (July 2012 est. ) country comparison to the world. 3 Source CIA The World Fact Book, https//www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us. html Why do they say Mexico is a hybrid nation and not the United States? II. Mesoamerica.

Masks and Disguise Essay Example for Free

Masks and Disguise EssayIn William Goldings novel Lord of the Flies and Shakespe ares play Romeo and Juliet masks and disguises are used to serve different purposes. some(prenominal) texts use masks and disguise to allow characters to be relieve oneself in ways that they usually would not or could not. For example, in Lord of the Flies, the boys go from being civilise to becoming savage. This is evident when it says the mask was a issue on its own, behind which Jack hid, liberated from shame and self consciousness. The fact that the mask is a thing on its own shows that the boys, Jack in particular, feel as if they are not responsible for their actions because of the mask. This is support by the quote The mask compelled them. It to a fault suggests that the boys have become completely different mess after(prenominal) wearing the mask.The word hid suggests that the boys are also protected from the repercussions of their violent actions because the mask creates anonymity. At the masquerade orb in Romeo and Juliet, people are up to(p) to speak openly to each other as their rightful(a) identities are hidden beneath their masks. This is evident when Capulet says I have seen the say/ That I have exhausted a visor, and could tell/ A whispering tale in a fair ladys ear. This shows that Capulet was able to charm a lady with his stories with the aid of his mask.The word whispering suggests that Capulets action was something that had to be done with secrecy and that the mask allowed him to speak openly with the fair lady. Romeo, hidden beneath his mask, is also able to charm Juliet. This is shown when Juliet says My only love sprung from my only hate / Too early seen unknown, and known too late The word unknown reinforces the fact that people are anonymous beneath masks and are able to do things they usually wouldnt. It also shows that Juliet fell in love with Romeo because she did not know his true identity. Also, if Romeo did not wear a mask, he would not have been able to meet Juliet, so the plot would not be able to move forward to reveal their death-markd love.During the time in which Romeo and Juliet is set, people often had masked parties as cultural occasions or for celebrations, the nuptial of Luciento and then we masked. However, in Lord of the Files, masks are used to represent the removal of culture and the dehumanisation of the boys. This is shown in the quote The lumber near them burst into uproar. Demoniac figures rushed out roar stark naked This shocks the reader as the boys go from completely civilised children to savages.The word uproar makes it sound as if there is chaos on the island. The word demoniac shows that Jack and the boys have become the embodiment of evil, unlike their former selves. The word howling makes the boys sound more like animals than humans. It may also suggest that the boys have freed their inner beasts and that wearing a mask makes it easier for their inner beasts to come out.The fact that t hey are stark naked shows that they are not civilised anymore and have become less British. The boys are also hidden behind masks when they viciously kill Simon and behave like savages. The masks used during Simons death protect the boys from punishment as their identities are hidden so no-one can be held accountable. This makes the reader feel upset because Simon gets no justice. Golding may have included this to show that all humans have the potential to become uncivilised and evil, and to show that civility is what contains a persons inner beast.

Monday, April 15, 2019

Iran Country Assessment Essay Example for Free

Iran Country Assessment EssayThe Islamic state of Iran is a country governed by a regime that began with a revolution headed by Ayatollah Khomeini over devil decades ago. Khomeini was the first to label the fall in States as the Great Satan. Although the Persian government denies it, terrorism has been actively supported, both materially and morally, for years by Iran and Iran supports efforts damaging to the U. S. If the much extreme elements in Iran continue to hold male monarch and arm themselves with nuclear weapons, the international repercussions would be far-reaching. Understanding of Iran is important for members of the U. S. Armed Forces in order to track the scope of Irans extremists leanings. On the other hand, many of Irans citizens love the United States and are resentful of Irans oppressive regime. The anti democracy and hindrance of personal liberty set break through taken a large toll on the Iranian y discloseh. Irans younger generation has tell forth a lot of resistance against this oppressive regime. Over two thirds of Irans population is chthonic the age of 30, which is good from an operational standpoint.This massive amount of young people generally feels that there is swear to moderate if not remove the oppressive regime. Recently a few young Iranians have been discomfited to the point of actively demonstrating against the regime. It is also important to mention many younger Iranians want improved transaction with the United States. Most urban Iranians have access to the Internet and satellite television and are able-bodied to compare their standard of living with that of the United States and Western Europe.The Kurdish people believe that they are a nation in itself that are deserving of a sovereign homeland. After the formation of the Islamic state of Iran, many Kurdish sided with the Iranian leftist and protested against Ayatollah Khomeini and his regime. In 1979, the Kurdish formed a rebellion, which ended with thou sands of Kurdish dead. Shortly after this, Khomeini centered his power and banded Kurds from serving in government office and greatly enforced freedom of expression.The caller of Free Life of Kurdistan is a militant host that is based out of Iraq but has been consistently performing operations in Iran. Iran has prepared to conduct military action against the group and has moved a large portion of Irans military to Kurdistan to hinder the uprising of the militant group. The Party of Free Life of Kurdistan would be a great asset to possible future operation in Kurdistan. The party is semi supportive of the United States but will most likely be more than willing to help in U.S operations in Iran due to their long-term goal of destroying the regime. Iran is a tough operational problem set due to their advanced military and technical power. Operations in Iran should be focused on using the people of Iran to include the youth and Kurdish people. Intelligence operations would be better s uited for using Irans youth because they are more supportive of the untied States and have the ability to work in Irans government and military. The Kurdish are not rely in the government and would not be able to provide accurate intelligence.Operations should be held out of North East Iraq due to the likeliness of Iraq cooperating with the United States during operations. Iraq has a large portion of Kurdistan and it would be golden to work with the Kurds right out of Iraq. Iran and Iraq have a long history of war which only furthers Iraqs likelihood of helping the U. S. Iran is a very dynamic and technologically advanced country, which presents many intelligence issues. The help of Kurdistan, Iranian youth and Iraq would greatly increase the likelihood of operational success in Iran.

Sunday, April 14, 2019

The secret life of pizza Essay Example for Free

The secret bearing of pizza Essay? Why is it that those things that are so unhealthy for our bodies taste so good? Tandoori chicken, pepperoni, jalapenos, jet chillies, sliced black olives, onions, tomato, spicy beef meatballs, crispy bacon, ham, steak, spicy minced beef, spiced pork sausage, chicken, Cajun chicken, tuna, sweetcorn, pineapple, mixed peppers and extra cheese. What would you adopt? I know its hard. Its The Secret Life of Pizza. What makes pizza so good well-nigh that the people of America eat around 350 slices of pizza each second, or 100 acres per twenty-four hour period? Excessive or just to die for. Pizza is a delicious fatty food that more or less people like eating. Its from an Italian origin consisting of a flat round base borecole baked with a topping of tomatoes and cheese. Anna Quindlen quotes Ideas are like pizza dough, made to be tossed around. Pizza has so much calories. 1 slice of a 14 large thin cheese pizza is analogous to 190 whopping calo ries. Yet we still eat this high calorie food. Why? Because our brain plays tricks on us and pushes us to believe were doing the right thing, just by thinking on how the pizza forget smell, look and taste.We all love the taste of pizza in our mouths. First you get the of the tomato and thence the cheese hits, then the crusty golden crust, I mean its the perfect combination. Whether youre guild pizza, buying frozen pizza nothing beats homemade pizza. First of all it is healthier, secondly its funds saving. We spend an average of ? 40 on takeaway pizza each month, when we lavatory save gold by making our own very homemade pizza which would cost an average of ? 19 a month. Do you ever feel like pizza tastes so much better the morning after youve bought it?Kevin James quotes Theres no better feeling in the world than leftover pizza for breakfast. Pizza force out taste just as good cold, says Dr Cooper. A Scottish chemistry lecturer believes she has discovered the scientific reaso n why cold, left-over pizza, tastes so good the morning after. Dr Maureen Cooper, from Stirling University, says the answer lies in the properties of the tomato puree. Pizza facts The most expensive pizza that is currently that can be bought today can be found in Ninos Bellisima in New York City.Priced at $1000, this 12 inch pizza is topped with caviar, lobster, cremefraiche and chives and has to be tenacious 24hrs in advance. Pizza industry is worth $30 billion dollar today. The most successful pizza delivery company is Dominos Pizza. The current world record in pizza eating is Cristian Dumitru of Romania, who in 2006 managed to eat 200 pound of pizza in a week. The worlds fastest pizza maker can make 14 pizzas in 2 minutes and 35 seconds Remember to order some pizzas Researched by Deborah Gold.

Friday, April 12, 2019

College Players Should Get Paid Essay Example for Free

College Players Should express Paid EssayIn the world, college athletics grows and continues to bring large financial benefits to colleges, universities and even sponsors. This leads to many debates concerning the fee of the athletes. Some people think that scholarship paid to colleges for these student athletes is enough while others claim that the payments efficacy make them to leave the college early for participating in the athletics. Division 1 college athletes should be paid.College athletes put their bodies on the line just like the pros do. Wide manslayer Martin Brown tears his ACL and his criminal maintenanceer in footb every(prenominal) is over. Defensive tackle Eric Legrand gets paralyzed from the neck down and his career in football is over. Wide receiver Dante Love gets a spinal injury and ends his career in football.Players do a mount for their communities. care the Santa Ana college football team devoted a whole weekend volunteering in two charity events. closing year Ohio State did community service for a total of about 6,496 hours. Ole Miss has a plan call The Ole Miss Rebel Reading Program where they read to local elementary disciplines.The college athletes bring in a lot of bills to their institutions. The players should receive some of this capital because without them the schools cannot be able to receive all the popularity and the money. College athletes make enough money for colleges that it would not hurt to eat some back. They should take better care of their student-athletes by paying them for their services.Many College athletes live in poverty because the money they get is not qualified enough to pay for all of the expenses and basic necessities. The athletes that graduate from colleges stay because their parents support them by giving or sending money to them. If college athletes are paid, there would be more athletes graduating from colleges. Paying athletes would be good for everyone and players would be forced to go for college education instead of only concentrating on the sports. The colleges athletes are not allowed to work hence do not get money to purchase the necessities. This leads to players accepting any illegal money, cars, clothes, etc. to the highest degree college athletes dont turn professional, so the athletes wont have any working experience when they get into the real world. This would give the non-athletes and advantage in the working world over the athletes. just about of the athletes that have the opportunity to leave school and turn professional do so, because college athletes live in near poverty. To avoid all the illegal gains, the athletes should be paid. Marylands Gary Williams says . some of these guys are pretty poor coming here, and a lot of college students have some money you feel out of place, you dont feel competitive academically sometimes, and I think it could do a lot of goodIf colleges dont pay the athletes the professional leagues should. Profession al leagues such as the NBA, NHL, NFL, and MLB use colleges as minor leagues. Most of the players in these leagues come from universities across the U.S.A. Since the leagues get the athletes from the universities, they should pay them the same way they league players. College athletes should receive money for all of their needs, or if they cant do this the athletes should be given the opportunity to work, which will assist them, set about working in real world.

Thursday, April 11, 2019

Corporal Punishment Essay Example for Free

embodied Punishment raiseCorporal penalty is a grammatical case that has a lot of emotional opinions for me. The Collins English lexicon describes somatic penalty as punishment of a physical nature, such as caning, flogging, or beating. The explanation of caning, flogging or beating should be enough to indicate that it is not needed for children. Corporal punishment has a tone that is too close to child ab rehearse to be comfortable with any skeletal frame of it. I suppose the clarity should be to try to define the line mingled with subject field and abuse. Corporal punishment in my mind is abuse, not fudge factor.Discipline should not leave marks, bruises or cause long-wearing physical or emotional pain. It should be something that gets the childs attention and offers correction, notwithstanding too legion(predicate) p arnts or matures precisely righteous go int know where the line is and when they piddle so distinctly crossed it. I give that psychological marks or bruises maybe difficult to read but I believe that in that location can be some tell-tale signals that indicate how effective it was in a childs up graveling or how ineffective it was in the selfsame(prenominal) measure.Corporal punishment in families is a controversial practice in the United States and worldwide. (Zolotor, A. J. , Puzia, M. E. (2010). 229-247) Zolotor indicates that advocates of incarnate punishment deem it to be a necessary practice for well-be required children. He further states that it harms children psychologic altogethery and interferes with development. Ask any p atomic number 18nt, do you worst your children? and, many go out quickly let that they do. However their definition of spanking and the reality of corporal punishment are frequently too close to each opposite to separate discipline from abuse.I grew up in a family that discipline meant instant harsh responses to someones disfavor of your actions. In my family, discipline could be dealt out by anyone your senior including aunts, uncles, grandparents, older siblings, older cousins, or just n archaean anybody who would have a reaction to a child being a child and investigating their limitations and curio vexies. When I animadvert about whether or not corporal punishment is effective or not, I have to admit that I have a severely tainted view and opinion. It is not easy to see clearly how punishing a child for discipline sake and having hem scream, I am scared when they are about to be disciplined can possibly mean the same thing. As I sit here preparing to leave alone opinions or belief systems in my life that do not support corporal punishment, I think of the moments in my childhood that I remember most. I remember a worrying day in my mothers life when she, for some reason, asked me what I remember most about my childhood and I said, The beatings, mom, I remember the beatings most. I saw the pain in her look and it provided no consolation for me or peac e for me.I realized in that moment, I probably wound my mother emotionally more than she ever hurt me physically. I wasnt trying to be prominent or even trying to punish her for the life I led as a child. It was just the truth as it stood that day. I am almost fifty years old and I must(prenominal) admit that I still flinch when I am walking through a admission and happen to have a woman walk in at the same time or behind me. My contract used to smack the boys in the arse of the head if we did not remember our politeness and hairgrip the door for women.He would scream some unusable obscenity and tell us to be a man of respect and manners and just about knock us to the ground in the process. The argument might be that it was effective because I exit almost break my arm to hold a door open for a woman entering a room or a building regardless of the situation. I just think that chivalry is not dead and just do what is expected of a man who provides appropriate respect to women . Twenty-four countries have passed legislative bans on corporal punishment since the passage of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Coleman, D. , Dodge, K. A. , Campbell, S. (2010). This would seem to be sufficient information to indicate that there is pie-eyed evidence to prove that it is not a practice that can be tolerated or supported. If the leaders of twenty-four countries have agreed that this is not a proper way to take care of discipline issues with children, someone must have decided that there was enough evidence that proved children need to be protected from the ignorance of their parents.This statement holds a lot of credence for me because this had to be a subject that drew interior(a) and international attention at some time in the recent past. virtuallyone brought up the subject of corporal punishment to the leadership of twenty four countries who all agreed that it was an ineffective form of discipline. I remember when I was a child in schoolhouse at a small school in Arkansas, the principal, Mrs. Hewey, would have a communion with my brother and me at least twice a week.The conversation was usually followed by the use of a twain and a half foot long advance that was about five inches wide and had holes drilled in it. Depending on our offense that day we would see anyplace from one to three good solid swats from that board and I swear that she would lean back all the way into the hallway to get a running start at the swing before it viciously collided with your backside. I dont think this was really that effective but it usually took less than two days for my brother and me to be right back in her office for another try at that board.The only real problem was that every day we had this interaction, we were sure to get some more when we got position from one parent or the other and possibly both if the offense in school was strong enough. Children whose parents approved of and used corporal punishment were more likely to endors e knock againstting as a strategy for resolving interpersonal conflicts with peers and siblings. (Simons, D. A. , Wurtele, S. K. (2010) Reading this statement alone provides insight on the problems with relationships today.Whether it is factual or just opinion, it would seem that this is reason for other relationship issues that deal with conflict and conflict resolution. It would seem that we could slow expect to hear someone say, if he hits you, hit him back and this would be the fantastic wisdom they provide their children as they also are swift to find reason to administer swift punishment for solely being a child. I was once in a grocery store and overheard an overzealous cause telling his son, If he hits you again, you hit him back and if you have to do it when he is not watching, but you hit him and hit him again and again.He will certainly leave you alone if you do. I immediately theme how awful this childs youth and teenage years were going to be if he followed his fa thers misguided advice. I must admit that in hearing just thirty seconds of a conversation, I felt sadness for the boy and disappointment and pity for the father. I thought that someday he is going to be one of those fathers who receives a phone call that says his son is in the hospital or worse because he followed his advice. He will never associate the situation with the advice he gave his son in his most impressionable years.He will just think evil of the people who harmed his son. HE will then respond in the only way he knows how, he will strike back too. Proving again that the discipline he received and the discipline he provided lacked wisdom and only invited sadness and sack in it. According to an article written by Hicks-Pass in 2009 entitled, Corporal Punishment in the States Today Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child? Hicks-Pass described findings that supported an intergenerational cycle of violence parents who experienced s prattle corporal punishment during childhood perce ived its use as acceptable and frequently spanked their children.Basically, this means that any(prenominal) environment you are raised in will more than likely become a affair of your belief system up to and including your approval of the use of corporal punishment. I have often that the take in opposite about some things as I look back on my youth and early parenthood, I found myself saying, As a father, I refuse to repeat this behavior with my children and worked very unassailable to recognize the responses in me that would have or could have led to the use of corporal punishment.I am a long way from perfect but there are a lot of slipway that I have separated myself from the intergenerational beliefs systems that could have overpowered my desire to be different and in some cases better. Some of the ways that I believe a parent can discipline a child that are far removed from corporal punishment are a) Communicating with them on their level and at a tone of instruction. Yellin g is not allowed. This takes patience recognizing that a child doesnt understand at the same pace or academic level as an adult.So it is one that requires parents to sit down and talk things out with the child explaining the right and wrong behavior and the expected behavior from the parents stall and then enforcing the change through limitations. b) Time outs that separate them from the situation completely and give them time to sedate down and for the parent to do so as well. My children have a five-minute egg timer that we use when they need some time to stop and regroup.We have a place in their room where they have a chair and the egg timer. Once seated there, they cannot move until the ding of the egg-timer goes bing. Then they have to bring the egg timer and the explanation of the situation. Then as a parent, I explain to them the difference between what is expected and what they were doing and then ask for their confirmation of understanding. With five year olds, this takes patience because their attention span is so much shorter. ) Take aways When my twins begin to argue about something it is usually because one of them has something the other wants and they both begin to fight for it. It is funny that they do not want it until it is firmly in the grasp of the other twin and then they begin to fight for position or possession. Here I just simply take away whatever it is they are arguing about until they can calm down and realize that it is not appropriate or fair to be jealous of someone else especially when they were doing something that you had no engross in until they began it.This is usually over the use of the I-Pad, Computer, or some form of their homework or books in their room. Through it all, the idea is simple. If twenty-four countries have made corporal punishment illegal, then it would only unclutter sense that we have to begin to educate those families caught up in the circle of violence that it more often than not follows. We have to also educate them with alternatives and coach them through it as they learn alternatives methods of providing discipline and guidance.I cant remember how many times, my father was providing his discipline and was saying something like, I told you not to do this and you are going to get it even if I have to beat it into you The fact is I dont think I ever really got it and therefore have spent most of my adult life separating myself from it. If we start with ourselves and help educate others, we can make a difference but it will take generations to do so. It will not come quickly enough and many children with suffer the ire of parents who have become their parents.

Tuesday, April 9, 2019

Women Rights in Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Women Rights in Pakistan Es severalizeConstitution of Pakistan guarantees the by rightss of women and do not discriminate in either sphere of life. The basis of Pakistani constitution is Islam a religion that has secured the rights of women fourteen hundred historic period ago.In Pakistan Mukhtaran Mai, Dr. Shazia and various other women boast been raised internationally because of the corrupt character of our moth eaten justice, social and policy-making system. In order to avail policy-making power, dictators like General Zia-ul-Haq tried to placate the fundamentalist Mullahs by launching hudood Ordinance. The orderliness is unruffled over social usance like Karo-Kari, Vaani, Swara and several other atrocities of the retrogressive people. Finally, the last hope, the justice system, is itself a victim of political interference.Let us see why women rights atomic number 18 existence denied and exploited in Pakistan, that before that, illuminate it clear what argon wom ens worldwide rights. In Article 25(1) of the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan it is stated, all in all citizens ar equal before law and are entitled to equal protection of law. Article 25(2) states, in that location shall be no discrimination on the basis of sex al champion.Islam guarantees an adult woman to marry concord to her will. Even parents cannot force her to marry against her choice. Moreover, no person including parents, husbands, in-laws have the right to judge and decide the fate of women acc utilize of being punishable of any crime. Courts are at that place in a civilized society to decide what is right what is wrong.In addition to constitutional guarantee, 98% percent Islamics of Pakistan are morally covering fire as believer of Islam to fight evil and injustice, i.e., Amar Bil-Maroof Wanahi-o- Mankar. In this regard, they are binding upon at least to office their concern as a Muslim who cannot tole come in evils of gross injustices going on women.Despite th e universal protection of Islam and the rights given by the constitution of Pakistan, women are the being abused by round uncivilized elements of our society.Politics in Pakistan is a game of holding power and doing everything whether right or wrong in order to secure that power. Women have been a victim of much(prenominal) a political game. General Zia-ul-Haq, after clinching power from Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, enacted hudood Ordinances. Zia gave the impression to Islamize the country however, the hidden truth was to prolong his tenure by making the religious extremist happy. Still the women are being crushed under the barbarity of Hudood Ordinances.If a woman is raped, one of the conditions of the law requires that woman must provide for four pious Muslim witnesses for seeing the crime. Let for a moment condone that part of the law. But, the worst cruelty of the law is that in case of failing to provide witnesses, the rape victim will be charged of fornication the penalisation for which is stoning to death.One of the examples from innumerous cases is that of an incidence of stoning to death to a blind girl in 1980s. Her only mistake was to propound that she was raped. But, unable to provide for the four pious Muslim cum staminate witnesses, she was charged of adultery. Consequently, in this Islamic Re cosmos of Pakistan, an innocent was stoned to death.Does the above case conform to the right and protection given by the constitution of Pakistan? Does Islam allow injustice of such an inhuman nature? The break up is no, but, such atrocities are being done under the see of Islamic injunctions however, the concealed fact is that of a political nature. The society was silent when the Hudood Ordinance was enacted, and it is still heedless of the barbarisms from some of its own sections of people.Karo-Kari is one of those customs related to fornication. A Kari is a woman who is alleged(a) to have extramarital relations with a man called Karo. In a typical Birda ri and caste system of our society, especially in rural areas, if a woman marries with her choice outside of her family relation a crime of violating the Biradari unwritten rule then she is alleged to have committed adultery. The whole Biradari becomes willing to kill both of the husband and the wife under the pretension of Karo-Kari.Even the dead body of the innocent woman is not given her due right of burying. She is bury in an isolated and far-flung place without religious rituals. In contrast, the Karo is given the right to be conceal with religious rituals.Moreover, husbands, in-laws, and their sex acts also victimize the woman with allegation of fornication. In fact, the reason is their personal grievances and enmity for not bringing enough dowry or not following the orders of in-laws. She could be killed any time by her husband or any of his relatives under the pretext of Karo-Kari custom.Not only the adult woman but also cocker girls of even months old are not spared from the clutches of retrogressive customs. Swara and Vaani are such kind of heinous crimes that are deeply upheld by the stone-age minded people.In both of the customs, the minor girls are given as compensation for the wrongdoings perpetrated by one of the members of the culprit family on the aggrieved one. The villages cult of goons called Punchayat leaded by elders of village, fundamentalist Mullahs, including any of our graduate MPA participate in such Punchayats.Many girls given under Vaani or Swara to the aggrieved family refused to marry there after attaining adult age. CJ of the Supreme Court of Pakistan have taken suo motu action in this regard. Furthermore, girls as young as ten years of age are married with 60 years old man under such customs.The data collected by military man Rights Commission of Pakistan reveals, A woman is raped after every two hours and gang-raped after every eight hour. For admire killing, missionary works report says that in 2006, 565 women have been killed under Karo-Kari. Police do not take seriously the crime of honor killings as in 2005, there were 475 such cases, and police was able to catch only 128 accused.According to a report presented by the Interior Ministry, there have been 4100 honor killings since 2001. The report also criticizes that under Qisas and Diyat law, the cause of death could easily be forgiven after paying compensation for the blood of the dead.The village Punchayat is so lowest in its scruples that sometimes it orders to rape the women of the culprit family as revenge. Mukhtaran Mai is one of such victim who had been gang-raped because her brother was guilty of some wrong for which she was punished to be gang-raped. The law enforcement agencies denied her right to register an FIR because the criminals were influentials.Sometimes women are stripped and forced to walk naked in the village for any crime of their family members. If she denies marrying with a family relative or raising her voice again st her in-laws then she is subjected to mutilation of her body by acid-throwing. For whatever reasons, her husbands could brutally beat her any time under any pretext. Most of the time, she was beaten and even killed for not having a male baby child.Women are also exploited for the only reason of being a woman. With a high work load from dawn to dusk, she was phelp far less than what males get doing less work. Moreover, in our male dominant society, torment and sometimes attack on her piety during job are frequent incidents. If she reports such crimes then as a punishment, she is rusticated from her job. Therefore, most of the crimes against her remain unreported.The traders of human flesh exploit her misery. Taking advantage of her penury, they force some of the women on prostitution. Trafficking of women is also a lucrative business for human traffickers. Such women after going abroad work as domestic slaves under extremely inhuman conditions or they are kept in brothels for th e shameful business.Report by an NGO, the Lawyers for Human Rights and Legal Aid (LHRLA) says that in 2006, there were 7,564 cases of violence against women 1,993 cases of wring 1,271 women were kidnapped 822 women committed suicide 259 were gang raped 119 were trafficked 144 booked under the Hudood Ordinances and 792 were killed in the name of honor. The above data are based on reported cases and because of unreported abuses, the actual crime rate is far more than what is reported.Furthermore, most of the women have no choice of theirs in deciding the number of babies to have. Family cooking is seen in a typical conservative society as against Islam. In case of any aesculapian emergency, when no female doctor available for her help, the orthodox relatives allow her to die rather than to be provided aid by a male doctor. Thousands of woman die per annum for not having female doctors in medical facilities. being a female, cult of the fundamentalists mostly in tribal and rural area s does not allow her to get education. They say it is a western intrigue to make their women liberal. With the advent of Talibanization, the girls schools are openly threatened to close their centers else, their educational premises would be blasted. Such news in North Western part of Pakistan has become roughhewn today and several girls schools have been devastated by such crimes.With all such atrocities on majority of women, there is some ray of hope for having a section of women fully utilizing constitutional and religious rights. Such women are participating in the development and progress of Pakistan while fully observing the Islamic behavior and conduct, they are workings along with men in almost all the spheres of life. They are in military, economy, health, politics, police, exotic services, law, fantan and in fact every place where it was impossible to think of their presence few decades ago.Recently, PAF (Pakistan Air Force) inducted in its services female pilots as com missioned officers. For the first time in the history of Pakistan, a female, Shamshad Akhtar, has been institute as Governor State Bank of Pakistan. In foreign services, Tasneem Akhtar is carrying out her duties diligently as foreign office spokesperson. Besides, her Excellence, Dr. Maliha Lodhi, is working as an ambassador of Pakistan in UK.Asma Jahangir, the chairperson of the Human Rights Commissions of Pakistan, is famous for her brave efforts for relieving the victims of Human Rights abuses in Pakistan At lower level, women are running their own business as entrepreneurs working in petrol pumps, restaurants, and coaches participating in politics. In fact, there is a long list of women who are industrious and no less than their male contemporaries are.There are 234 women legislators sitting in our assemblies 18 in Senate 73 in National Assembly and 143 in Provincial assemblies. This is one of the first times in Pakistans history that women are given greater role to play in leg islation. Several women are working in cabinet as ministers in various government divisions. In Local Government system, thousands of women are elected as councilors, mayors, deputy mayors. Nasreen Jalil, is Deputy mayor of CDGK (City District Government Karachi).Still, the number of women enjoying some of their rights is beneath optimum. For the majority, it is a distant dream to decide for their own choice of life partner and it is a sumptuosity for most of the women to avail medical facilities for delivering a baby. However, efforts are being made both from the government and non-government sides to make better the plight of the persecuted women.After Independence, the first Commission on the Emancipation of Women was formed in 1955 the commission presented its report in 1961, but the government diluted several of its recommendations. However, in the same year, president Ayub khan promulgated Family Law Ordinance that gave not much but little relief to the women.In 1975, Pakis tan Women Rights perpetration was formed which presented its report in 1976 without having any effect upon the power holders. Similarly, in 1981, Pakistan Commission on the location of Women was founded that submitted its findings in 1985. However, the report was thrown into the dustbin due to Zias passion for implementing his own version of Islamization.After lodge years, the Commission of Inquiry for Women was formed in 1994. The commission presented its report in August 1997, but it has foregone to the same fate as the previous commissions reports.The National Commission on Status of Women formed (NCSW) came into being in family 2000. The purpose was to advise the government for eradicating laws discriminatory to women. The commission provided its detailed report in 2003. The report presented a thorough and critical review of 1979 Hudood Ordinances and concluded that these laws are being used to abuse women thus, it asked for their annulment.The power of the NCSW is restricte d to only for recommendations. Moreover, it has been devoid of chairperson for several months. The effectiveness of the commission cannot be enhanced unless it gets independent in its working. India has a commission of similar nature but it is quite herculean in questioning and calling any senior government official. Therefore, it should be made equal on such footing as that of Indian commission.In 1996, Pakistan internationally ratified Convention on excretory product of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). The law requires the government to take strict measures against any abuse that hinders women rights for freedom, equality, and justice. The law is satisfactory in its part for binding the country in protecting rights of the women.November 2006 is important in relieving women some of the atrocities of Hudood Ordinances. Parliament passed Protection of Women Rights Bill (Criminal Laws Amendments) the bill is an attempt to secure the women from misuse of Zina and Qa zf laws under Hudood Ordiances enacted by Zia in 1979.Religious fundamentalists as usual opposed the passage of the bill and leader of opposition Maulana Fazl-ur-Rehman express that the bill is to turn Pakistan into a free-sex zone. They criticized the Bill to be against Quran and Sunnah.So much noise by religious bigots over rights of women is a norm in our society. The only purpose of such billows is to gain political marks. In fact, the Bill do not require a woman to be punished as the case under Hudood Ordiance 1979 if she fails to provide for 4 pious males like our religious fundamentalists. Moreover, the bill requires the interjection of the session court in case the families pardon the culprits of rape or killing by cave in the dispute outside the court under Qazf. Moreover, the bill made the offences under Hudood Ordinances to be taken under Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) that gives the right to have bail which 1979 Hudood Ordinance negated.The government presented other bi ll on women rights Prevention of anti-Women Practices Bill 2006 (Criminal Law Amendment) in December 2006. The bill contains the proposal of nine-member ulema panel to relieve women from some of the malpractices. Under particle 310A, the bill prohibits handover of women for settling a dispute amid groups, either under spousals or as Vaani, Swara. Any violation of the Bill carries three-year prison name and fine.The second bill on women rights also protects the women from depriving of the inheritance in property, violation of which carries seven-year imprisonment under Section 498A force marriage is regarded as punishable with three-year imprisonment and fine under Section 498B Section 498C prohibits marriage with the Quran, those involving such practice are punishable with three-year imprisonment.Women Action Forum was formed in Karachi in September 1981 in order to voice against brutalities of Hudood Ordinances. Behind its formation, there was a case in which a fifteen year old woman was sentenced to flogging because of marrying of her choice. Since then the forum took out many demonstrations and public awareness campaigns for eliminating the abuse of women rights in Pakistan. The forum has expanded its activities in major cities of Pakistan.Aurat Foundation formed in 1986 is working enthusiastically for the rights of women. The head office is located in Islamabad. The organization has its own information and way out department that apprise the people the true realities women facing in Pakistan.Given these facts, the Women in Pakistan do not possess their due rights guaranteed by the Constitution and Laws. The state is unable to protect the women from inhuman social customs prevalent in our society. The general population is mum over wicked practices being carried out on women there is a great need of their voice against anti-women practices rather than forming laws over laws. The only need is to combust people of Pakistan for the Protection of Women Ri ghts.