CRIMINAL LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

CRIMINAL LAW - Essay Example ort published in 2006 made recommendations calculated to address the current complexities of the homicide laws which invariably involve a three tier division of the offences of unlawful homicide. 5 This paper critically evaluates the merits of the Law Commission’s recommendations in the context of the current laws governing unlawful homicide. It will be argued that the Law Commission’s recommendations with respect to dividing unlawful homicide into three distinct groups is fair. This is particularly so since fair labelling principles in criminal law are important for distinguishing between different levels of culpability.6 Under the law of homicide in England and Wales, the killing of another human being can be either lawful or unlawful.7 Lawful homicide which may include killing during wartime, the accidental killing of another during a lawful sporting event or during a lawful death penalty execution are outside the ambit of this paper. Unlawful homicide is currently compartmentalized in England and Wales as either manslaughter, murder or infanticide.8 Unlawful homicide requires actus reus which refers to the guilty act. The difficulties and complexities of unlawful homicide arise however with the establishment of mens rea, the second element of each of the offences.9 The mens rea refers to the mental element and invariably involves issues of intent and causation.10 Fiona Brookeman describes how the essential element of mens rea creates difficulties with respect to unlawful homicide: â€Å"Whilst it is relatively straightforward to prescribe or define a particular act with particular consequences as a guilty act, it is far from straightforward to determine to what extent the act or its consequences were intended. In other words it has to be acknowledged that not all killings are intended and that there exists, therefore, different levels of culpability or guilt amongst perpetrators.†11 The manner in which unlawful homicide treats the offence of

Compare and contrast the soldier and futility Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast the soldier and futility Essay The Soldier and Futility are two poems which discuss war. Both poems were written during the war by Englishmen. Wilfred Owen and Rupert Brooke died in different stages of the war as a result of it. Both poems discuss death and hate in several ways. The two say that there is a lot of hate in war but they each see death for your country from a different perspective. In Futility Wilfred Owen says that war is a terrible thing because there are so many casualties. He also says that the cause of war is usually petty and that people dying for their country is awful. As well as this he says that it is better to live than die doing your duty. Wilfred Owen has a different view towards war because he lived through most of it. He was killed during the final year of the war, in 1918. Rupert Brooke, on the other hand, didnt live through much of the war. He died in the early stages of it, in 1915. He was twenty-eight years old. In his opinion war is necessary and one had a duty to fight for King/Queen and country. Rupert Brooke also thinks that people should be proud to fight for their country as we see in the words Dulce et decorum est, which is Latin for wonderful thing to die for your country. These words are found in another of Wilfred Owens poems though but it is used sarcastically. It is as if Wilfred Owen is laughing at the people getting gassed and dying like in his other poem The Last Laugh. The poem Futility shows the negatives of war such as people dying doing their duty. These people didnt want to go and fight, they were persuaded by their friends and fellow women. The women thought that a man wasnt attractive or whole unless he wore a soldiers uniform. This made the men feel terrible and that they would never find a partner unless they sign up. They were also persuaded by the government. They would sack people so that they had no choice but to join. The government also put propaganda posters up with children asking their father What did you do during the great war? Many people gave into this; they paid the consequences by being killed. The Soldier speaks of the positive things about war such as dying with friends or doing what they were born to do. It also says that this is an idyllic world and that they should always take the chance to fight for their King/Queen and country when it is given. The poem is a very patriotic one as it repeats English and England many times. This shows Rupert Brookes love for his country. This poem also has no sense of animosity or resentment towards war. The Soldier says that each person is unimportant but in Futility it says that every person is important. The style and structure of each poem is very different. Even though both poems are fourteen lines long and they both use euphemisms there are many differences. The Soldier is a sonnet and concentrates on England whereas Futility is not a sonnet and has more symbolism. There are rhetorical questions used in Futility and it is written in the third person. The Soldier, however, is in the first person and hasnt got any rhetorical questions. It is also written in Iambic Pentameter and is a Petrarchan or an Italian sonnet. Both poems are rhythmic and have rhymes in them. The Soldier has rhyming every second line whereas Futility has half rhymes every other. For example snow from line five and know from line seven. Both Futility and The Soldier have religious connotations and mention the sun. The sun has an immense amount of significance in the poems because it is the complete opposite to what the poems discuss. The sun has life-giving powers whereas both poems talk about death. Only Futility has personifications. These include Think how it wakes the seeds. This shows us how the sun has life-giving powers. Another example is Gently its touch awoke him once which also talks about the sun. These two give the sun attributes which it hasnt got. The Soldier talks about himself and how he would always be English even if he was buried in a foreign country. This is shown by the lines If I should die think only this of me; that theres some corner of a foreign field, that is forever England. This also shows that he is thankful for being English and he would put his life on the line for his country.

Willy Loman Is The Cause Of Hi :: essays research papers

Willy Loman is the cause of his own misfortune   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many characters in literature are the cause of their own misfortune. In the play Death of a Salesman by author Miller, Willy Loman is responsible for his misfortune as well as the misfortune of his two sons Happy and Biff. Willy creates his own small world in which he is the boss, everything goes around him, nothing will change and nothing will go wrong. But by thinking this way Willy causes his own misfortune.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Willy brags to his boys that he is well liked, that he is a 'big man';, but in reality he is not. He says that he went to Providence, met the Mayor, had coffee with him. Willy says: 'And they know me, boys, they know me up and down New England'; (Death of a Salesman 30). This comment illustrates how Willy shows off in front of his sons. He says he can park his car in any street in New England, and the cops will protect it like their own. Willy believes that he is a 'number one'; man but at the same time he knows and says that he is not what he dreams about, but he just does not want to admit it. 'You know, the trouble is, Linda, people don't seem to take me… They seem to laugh at me… they just pass me by. I'm not noticed'; (36) says Willy. He knows the fact that he is a total failure and he never admits it. Then Willy mentions that he cannot sell anything and when Linda says that he is the handsomest, he disagrees with her, says he is fat, foolish to l ook at. Willy tells everyone and believes in the dream that he is well liked, that he is a 'number-one'; man. Thinking that way Willy creates his own little world where he is the boss and he does the things which he should not do causing his own misfortune.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Willy believes in and follows his wrong ideas. And the worst part is that he teaches them his sons Biff and Happy. He thinks that appearance is everything. Willy says: 'Because the man who makes an appearance in the business world, the man who creates personal interest, is the man who gets ahead. Be liked and you will never want'; (33). This comment illustrates Willy's belief in the wrong idea that appearance is everything.

Tesco Case Study

Tesco’s main activities: -Retailing -Financial services It’s a major global retailer 1) Retail activity 5 store formats: * Tesco extra * Tesco superstore * Tesco metro * Tesco express * One stop Non-food ventures: -Tesco Homeplus – Dobbies Since 2005, they have opened a member of non-food outlets: Tesco Homeplus, Dobbies( garden centres) 2) Banking activity Tesco Bank A will to extend their involvement in the financial services Service: credit cards/ loans/ mortgages/ saving accounts/ insurance It’s run separately from the rest of the businessIt was a 50/50 joint venture with RBS( Royal Bank of Scotland) But the 28 of July 2008, Tesco bought out the shares of RBS . Internet: tesco. com .Telecom: Tesco mobile, it’s a joint venture with O2 The scale of its operation: 1994: First move into Central Europe 1998: First move into South East Asia 2007: First move in California 2008: First wholly owned Tesco opened in Guangzhou, China China/ Czech Republic/ Hungry/ Republic of Ireland/ Japan/ Malaysia/ Poland/ Slovakia/ South Korea/ Thailand/ Turkey/ Uk/ US They entered the US grocery market in 2007 Through the opening of a new chain: Fresh & EasyOver the past 10 years, the profits per year have constantly increased Tesco’s business strategy: â€Å"At the core of Tesco’s business model is a focus on trying to improve what we do for customers† .To create value for customers: In such way that â€Å"if the business is performing well in the eyes of the customers, then it will also be performing well for other stakeholders† Strategy in the UK: Growth is sought through expansion into markets such as financial services, non-food and telecom Strategy outside the UK: Growth is sought by entry into locations, most recently China, India and in the USTargets are defined under: Five prospective of the steering wheel -community -operations -people -finance -customer To increase the customer loyalty is the single most imp ortant driver of long term financial performance Tesco’s corporate culture: â€Å"Customer is king† . a customer centric company . a customer focused company Maintaining a global staff retention The average longevity within the Tesco management is around 14 years e. g. : the CEO Sir Terence Leahy joined Tesco in 1979 after graduation It’s one of the KPI ( Key Performance Indicator) â€Å"everyone feel accountable for the company’s success†Every little helps A relatively flat grade structure Five levels Whereas 470,000 employees e. g. : top grade 200 people The company’s values: .We treat people how we like to be treated * work as a team * trust and respect each other * listen, support and say thank you * share knowledge and experience No on tries harder for customers * understand customers * be first to meet their needs * act responsibly for our communities Tesco has a rather unique approach of risk management * diversification both geograph ically and in areas * risk devolvement at thedepartment level * absence of overall risk management

Non-Hodgins Lymphoma with Case Study Example

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphocytes the white blood cells. The lymphocytes and lymph system are essential in our body’s immune protection. It is an abnormal growth rate of these cells. Since lymph is found throughout the body it is easily spread from one area to another. In 2008 there were over 66,000 new cases and just over 19,000 deaths from it (cancer. gov). It is categorized as slow growing or fast growing, as well as if it starts in the T-cells or the B-cells. Lymphomas from B cells are most common in the United States. The lymphoma can develop in any of the lymph tissues, and discovery of which kind of lymphoma determines the treatment options (cancer. org). Causes Although there are no definite causes to Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma there have cases where it has been linked to persons with another ailment. Autoimmune diseases like RA and SLE have been linked to NHL. Exposures to chemicals such as benzene and treatments in chemotherapy have been seen in trends to cause NHL. People who are immunocompromised like HIV patients and those that are on immunosuppressant from transplants are also at risk for Lymphomas. Also, people having excessive exposure to large amounts of radiation, like cancer treatments have an increased risk of developing this lymphoma. NHL is mostly seen in the older community so age is also a risk factor. Also chronic diseases may increase the chances of getting a lymphoma due to the increased risk of mutations from constantly producing new lymph cells. Some patients can be born with a disease that can lead to NHL due to a defect in their DNA. It is not likely that they can pass on the NHL to their offspring if they don’t have the underlying disease. Most often it develops independently. Discovery Lumps in the skin and lymph nodes can be discovered by the patient, their partner or doctor. Where the lump is located can also give extra symptoms. For instance, if it is found near the skin there would be a swelling in the surrounding tissue. If it’s in the abdomen it can cause severe pain and possible digestive problems. If the lymphoma is on the skin t can cause an itchy patch. If it is in the chest cavity it can cause trouble breathing. Case Study: Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Shannon Z is an active 58 yr old female. In her early twenties she had undergone chemotherapy and radiation for her treatment of breast cancer. When she noticed the lump in her neck she immediately went to see her doctor. The doctor ordered some blood tests and a biopsy of the lump. Her doctor wasn’t very concerned because fighting an infection can also cause enlarged nodes in the neck. She ordered the tests anyway because of the patient’s medical history. Along with the lump, she experienced drenching night sweats which are another symptom of NHL but she thought it was a side effect of menopause. Other signs to look for would be persistent fevers and a sudden loss of weight, usually 10 % body weight or more. An incisional biopsy is a surgical technique used to obtain a sample of the node for observation. This was used because the enlarged node was close to the skin surface. There are other biopsies available. Fine needle biopsies can also be used but often don’t provide enough sample to determine if its lymphoma or not but does not require surgery. Lumbar punctures look for lymphoma in the CNS. Bone marrow aspiration looks for the cancer inside the bone and bone marrow by removing pieces of the bone and/or marrow. Laboratory tests All samples must be diagnosed be a trained pathologist with experience in lymphomas. The most important test would be those differentiating if the patient has a cancer, then T cell lymphoma from the B cell lymphoma. If a concrete diagnosis can’t be made from looking at the cells then other methods must be used. Methods like Immunocytochemistry involve using fluorescent tags on the surface of the cells can differentiate the different lymphomas from each other and non cancerous diseases. Flow cytometry uses antibody tagging and laser beams to cause the cells to emit light if they have the antigen. This is important because different NHL’s have specific antigens. Discovery of the type of NHL helps determine the treatment route. Blood tests cannot determine a lymphoma but they do show significance of the rate of growth of the lymphoma. CT scans and MRIs provide the doctors with images of the size of the actual lymph nodes and how many growths there are through the body. Prognosis There are two staging systems for NHL. The most common is the Ann Arbor system. It uses 1-4 to stage the severity of the disease. Stage 1 has lymphoma in one area in the lymph system and one outside the system (organ). A lymphoma is considered stage 2 if it is found exclusively in 2 areas above or 2 areas below the diaphragm and organs in close proximity to lymph. Stage 3 occurs when it is found on both sides of the diaphragm and other organs near lymph. Stage 4 is when lymphoma reaches the bone marrow, CSF, or an organ not next to a lymph source. This system is used in conjunction with the International Prognosis Index. The IPI uses the age of the patient, stage of the cancer, patient everyday performance status, location of the tumors, and levels of LDH (increases as the lymphoma spreads) Good Prognostic FactorsPoor Prognostic Factors Age 60 or belowAge above 60 Stage I or IIStage III or IV No lymphoma outside of lymph nodes, or lymphoma in only 1 area outside of lymph nodesLymphoma present in more than 1 organ of the body outside of lymph nodes PS: Able to function normallyPS: Needs a lot of help with daily activities Serum LDH is normalSerum LDH is elevated (Chart provided from www. cancer. org) Treatment Chemotherapy is often used in conjunction with radiation for low levels, or with medications like Rituxan or Zavalin. Rituxan is an antibody that targets the cancerous cells. Zavalin is an antibody with a radioactive component. The antibody attaches itself and the radioactive isotope destroys the cell. These drugs are used for the more persistent lymphomas because chemo and radiation have been proven very effective against the lymphoma. Stem cell transplantation is also another option. Once diagnosed, patients are requested to have frequent physicals and blood tests to track the growth of the cancer. Resources http://www. oncologychannel. com/nonhodgkins/diagnosis. shtml http://www. cancer. org http://www. cancer. com http://www. mayoclinic. org

Science Investigation (Chemistry) Rate of Reaction Essay Example

Science Investigation (Chemistry) Rate of Reaction Essay Example Science Investigation (Chemistry) Rate of Reaction Essay Science Investigation (Chemistry) Rate of Reaction Essay Outline: I will investigate the relationship between the rate of a reaction and the amount of catalyst added to the reaction. I will use hydrogen peroxide and speed pu the decomposition of it by adding manganese(IV), MnO2 as catalyst.Fair test:In order to maintain fair test conditions I will control variables that will affect the rate of reaction.The factors that are able to affect the rate of reaction include:* Temperature* Surface Area* Concentration* CatalystSince I am investigating the relationship between rate of reaction and catalysts, the other 3 factors will remain constant throughout the experiment.Temperature: At higher temperatures, the faster moving particles have more kinetic energy. This means they are moving quicker and will collide more often and with more energy, causing an increase in the number of effective collisions.Surface Area: If more surface area is available, the number of particles of the solid reactant available for collision will increase. However, I am d ealing with hydrogen peroxide (liquid) then there isnt a surface area for me to control.Concentration: More concentrated solutions contain more particles in the same space, making them more likely to collide. The increase in the number of collisions with sufficient energy increases the rate of reaction.These explain why I would need to control those factors because they would affect my results dramatically. I will keep them constant:Temperature: room temperature, temperature of hydrogen peroxide (17.C)Surface area: n/aConcentration: 5 volumes (halved the maximum which is 10 volumes, ratio 1:1)However, for room temperature, I will do all experiments in the same room hopefully the temperature remains constant in that one room.Safety:Whilst this experiment is relatively safe, there are still safety considerations that must be adhered to:* Due to the dangerous nature of many of the compounds involved in this experiment, it is important that safety goggles or safety glasses are worn duri ng all tests.* It is equally important to avoid skin contact with the compounds, as some are irritants. This can be done by ensuring that a suitable method is followed precisely so that there are no unexpected events that would lead to skin contact.Accuracy and Reliability:I will take 3 measurements of oxygen produced at each reading I will take. I will then use the arithmetic mean of these measurements in my analysis to calculate average rate of reaction. This should help to minimize unreliable results. Whilst I am doing my experiment, I will note the results down on a table, in order to spot any obvious anomalies.The measurements themselves will be taken as carefully as possible. Time will be measured using the stop-watch (precise to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.1 second), volume of gas produced with the gas syringe (precise to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½), the mass of the powdered manganese oxide with measuring balance (precise to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01g) and the volume of hydrogen peroxide with a m easuring cylinder (precise to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.5ml)Prediction:I predict that the grater the amount of manganese oxide, MnO2, is added to the solution, the greater the rate of reaction decomposition.The formula for this decomposition is:H2O2 (aq) =; 2H2O (l) + O2 (g)Hydrogen peroxide =; Water + OxygenThe manganese dioxide is present to be acted as a catalyst and as with all catalysts would lower the activation energy required in order for this reaction to take place. In doing so, the rate of reaction will be increased. Since more catalyst is present, it means there are more surface area of the catalyst so more molecules will be able to react faster.Method:1. Set up apparatus as shown in the diagram.2. Use a measuring cylinder to measure 20ml of hydrogen peroxide and use another measure cylinder to measure 20ml of distilled water.3. Measure 0.02g of manganese oxide using a measuring scale (remember to put a paper tower on the scale first so that manganese oxide wouldnt be able to direct ly touch the scale, which might cause malfunction to the scale if manganese oxide goes in the internal of the scale)4. Put the manganese oxide into a flask and put the 20ml of distilled water into the flask as well.5. Reset (push the gas syringe back to 0cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ if needed) the gas syringe if needed, and then put the 20ml of hydrogen peroxide into the flask and start the stop watch.6. Observe the gas syringe and take note of the volume of gas (in this case oxygen) produced every 10 sec, 20 sec, 30 sec, 40 sec, 50 sec and 60 sec.7. Repeat step 2-6 for 0.04g, 0.06g, 0.08g and 0.1g of manganese oxide but must clean the flask before using it again.8. After obtaining all of the results, repeat each one 2 more times.Diagram:Pretest:I did a few pretests:0.01g manganese oxide and 10 volume concentration of hydrogen peroxide (20ml):Time (sec)Volume of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00101520203031404150506060By using 0.01g of manganese oxide, the maximum reached is already 60cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, therefore I thought if I used 0.1g, the limit of the gas syringe (100cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) will be reached with less than 60 sec, so I have decided to try and reduce the concentration and see whether it is a good choice.0.1g manganese oxide and 5 volume concentration of hydrogen peroxide (20ml):Time (sec)Volume of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00101520313040404950566061Later, I tried using only 10ml of hydrogen peroxide but it wasnt enough for my experiment and it caused a limiting factor very soon in the experiment (when I tested 0.04g of manganese oxide) due to the shortage of hydrogen peroxide molecules for decomposing.The second pretest gave me good range of results to use and it didnt reach the gas syringes limit (100cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) so that wouldnt limit my results. Also, in the result taking, I realized that I would need a lot of time to refill my catalyst and liquids, therefore I have chosen to only do 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.1. This will give me a good range of results to calculate the rate of reaction and also sufficient for supporting my prediction.Obtaining:Here is the tables of results to show the volume of gas produced using different amounts of catalysts. I will also show the average:0.02g catalyst usedAmount of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time (sec)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageAverage Gain in gas produced from previous (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00000.000.00104343.673.67207687.003.333010111211.004.004014151514.673.675020192019.675.006023232423.333.670.04g catalyst usedAmount of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time (sec)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageAverage Gain in gas produced from previous (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00000.000.00105876.676.672013141313.336.673020191919.336.004029302829.009.675035353635.336.336042414041.005.670.06g catalyst usedAmount of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time (sec)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageAverage Gain in gas produced from previous (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00000.000.001010111110.6710.672022212021.0010.333032303331.6710.674040394140.008.335046484646. 676.676051505050.333.670.08g catalyst usedAmount of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time (sec)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageAverage Gain in gas produced from previous (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00000.000.001018181617.3317.332031302930.0012.673040414140.6710.674048474546.676.005055545554.678.006062616261.677.000.10g catalyst usedAmount of gas produced (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Time (sec)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageAverage Gain in gas produced from previous (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)00000.000.001031313331.6731.672045474545.6714.003053525453.007.334060615960.007.005068676767.337.336073727272.335.00I have taken the chance to add in another column (average gain in gas produced from previous reading) to show whether there is a certain pattern.Analysis:My graph clearly shows that as I increase the amount of manganese oxide, I will increase the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. This supports my prediction fully (prediction: the grater the amount of manganese oxide is added to the solution, the greater the rate of re action decomposition of hydrogen peroxide:H2O2 (aq) = 2H2O (l) + O2 (g))We can clearly see that with the line of best fit drawn the points are not that far away from this line, showing a quite strong relationshipThe rate of the decomposition (when the reaction is at its 20th second) for 0.02g of catalyst used is 0.35cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sec, for 0.04g it is 0.67cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sec, for 0.06g it is 1.05cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sec, for 0.08g it is 1.5cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sec and for 0.10g it is 2.28cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sec. This also supports my prediction because the rate of decomposition is increasing when the amount of catalyst increases. I chose to use 20th second into the reaction to calculate the rate because at the 20th second, all the reactions hasnt yet used up or near used up the hydrogen peroxides, therefore not reaching the point where there arent enough, which will cause a slow down in the rate.In theory, the graph should show a steep gradient at the beginning of the decomposition. By looking at th e graph, it does show a steeper gradient at the beginning but not for the line of best fit of 0.02g and 0.04g, this might be because the rate of decomposition is too slow to see any real effect. However, the other 3 lines show a steep gradient in the beginning. The end of the lines (0.06g, 0.08g and 0.10g) all tend to approach a point where it will stop the reaction (can be seen by the curve). The line for 0.10g has the greatest curve. This is because there are most catalyst compared to the others, therefore increases the rate of decomposition the fastest. The manganese oxide has therefore acted as a catalyst and as with all catalysts has lowered the activation energy required in order for this reaction to take place. In doing so the rate of reaction has increased. So the more manganese oxide means lowering the activation energy more effectively. A catalyst basically works like:If without catalyst, the energy for the reaction to take place is relatively high, but if a catalyst is ad ded, the activation energy lowers, therefore enabling the reactants to react with less energy. The activation energy of the reaction is about 75 kJ/mol in the absence of catalyst. The activation energy of the reaction is about 58 kJ/mol if manganese oxide is added to the reaction.However, towards the bottom end of the graph the lines (0.06g, 0.08g, 0.10g) are a lot shallower compared to the start. This shallower lines show that it is finding it hard to produce oxygen at a fast rate because there are not enough molecules left to decompose itself.Some of the results could be wrong, however I can still pull some conclusions from this and one is that we can definitely see that as the amount of manganese oxide increases, the faster oxygen is produced.Evaluation:Overall I think I carried out this investigation to my greatest capabilities.The data that I collected was fairly reliable because of the strong correlation and the accuracy of my experiment was reasonable. It also was enough to s upport my prediction. However, there are some anomalies which might be caused by several errors such as:1. The measuring balance wasnt exactly accurate because sometimes the more I add, the more the mass reading on the balance decreases.2. My reaction time, because even though I try my fastest to obtain the results, I will still be around 0.5 1.5 sec off from the correct time to take the results.There was also a big problem:As soon as the Manganese Dioxide touched the Hydrogen Peroxide, oxygen was produced straightaway. So I lost quite a lot of gas before we put the bung on. I tried to counter this problem by adding the hydrogen peroxide last because liquid is easy to transfer to the flask compared to transferring manganese oxide because the powder might possibly stick to the top of the flask and unable to go down to the hydrogen peroxide. Also, I started the countdown the second the bung was fitted on properly as soon as the oxygen was going up the flask.A major cause for concern on accuracy was the reading of the overall measurement of the oxygen produced but also the measurements of hydrogen peroxide and water used for the experiment. So if these miss-readings were carried out through the whole investigation then my results will be quite a long way out.Looking back on experiment I believe that there are many ways to improve it. One way is the accuracy of the measuring of the catalyst this can be done by requesting a new scale which should not have any chances of any faulty measurements. This would make every measurement of catalyst I take virtually no faults at all.My graph is very basic and one way to improve this will be to increase my range of tests, this will allow me to know where exactly the point where no more oxygen can be created is. Maybe doing until 2 minutes (120 sec) will allow me to locate where it is. I think the timing was as accurate and reliable as it could be, but only a second or third experiment would back that up fully. The equipment we used was reasonable but not the best, but for the conditions we were based in it was the best we were going to get.I could investigate on what type of catalysts is more effective for the speeding up of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Possible catalyst selections include:* Manganese IV oxide (MnO2)* Zinc oxide (ZnO)* Lead IV oxide (PbO2)* Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)* Iron III oxide (Fe2O3)* Copper II oxide (CuO)* Copper III oxide (Cu2O)This might help me understand more about catalyst and what type of metals are best for catalysts, such as: transition metals.I could investigate on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and keeping the catalyst constant, and also I can investigate on the effects of pH with rates of reaction.

Free Essays on Gender Codes

â€Å"A gender code is a culturally constructed belief system that dictates the appropriate roles and behavior for men and women in society. Though often justified on the basis of appeals to the ‘natural’ differences between the two sexes, gender codes usually reflect cultural values rather than natural facts.† (Sonia Maasik, Jack Solomon) In many ways, people identify themselves, or are identified by their gender. â€Å"I am a man† or â€Å"I am a woman.† Gender is undeniably the most defining characteristic of all creatures. Since the dawn of time, women and men have played distinctly different roles in society, simply because they have a different anatomy. Although gender codes have come a long way since the full skirt wearing days of the 1950’s, we have a ways to go. The movie Far From Heaven shows several blatant examples of gender coding. When Mrs. Whitaker comes home with the groceries, her daughter is not allowed to help while her son is ordered to. I don’t remember my brother ever offering to bring in the groceries, and he sure wasn’t ordered. Even though unloading the groceries isn’t exactly strenuous labor, the boy is told to do it to prepare for his later role as the â€Å"hunter and gatherer.† The dialect in this movie seemed almost fake, I can’t remember the last time I heard a boy call his mother â€Å"Ma’am† or a husband call his wife â€Å"Darling.† Kids and adults were much more respectful of each other in the 1950’s. I can’t think of a more obvious gender code than the Christmas morning scene. The boy gets a train and the girl gets pink ballet slippers. I think this has been reversed in the past few decades. I got a toy truck for my 6th birthday because my Dad thought I needed to toughen up. Our generation’s parents who were once the children of Kathy Whitaker’s era have made a conscious decision to treat their children equal. Christmas brings G.I. Joes for the little girls instead of... Free Essays on Gender Codes Free Essays on Gender Codes â€Å"A gender code is a culturally constructed belief system that dictates the appropriate roles and behavior for men and women in society. Though often justified on the basis of appeals to the ‘natural’ differences between the two sexes, gender codes usually reflect cultural values rather than natural facts.† (Sonia Maasik, Jack Solomon) In many ways, people identify themselves, or are identified by their gender. â€Å"I am a man† or â€Å"I am a woman.† Gender is undeniably the most defining characteristic of all creatures. Since the dawn of time, women and men have played distinctly different roles in society, simply because they have a different anatomy. Although gender codes have come a long way since the full skirt wearing days of the 1950’s, we have a ways to go. The movie Far From Heaven shows several blatant examples of gender coding. When Mrs. Whitaker comes home with the groceries, her daughter is not allowed to help while her son is ordered to. I don’t remember my brother ever offering to bring in the groceries, and he sure wasn’t ordered. Even though unloading the groceries isn’t exactly strenuous labor, the boy is told to do it to prepare for his later role as the â€Å"hunter and gatherer.† The dialect in this movie seemed almost fake, I can’t remember the last time I heard a boy call his mother â€Å"Ma’am† or a husband call his wife â€Å"Darling.† Kids and adults were much more respectful of each other in the 1950’s. I can’t think of a more obvious gender code than the Christmas morning scene. The boy gets a train and the girl gets pink ballet slippers. I think this has been reversed in the past few decades. I got a toy truck for my 6th birthday because my Dad thought I needed to toughen up. Our generation’s parents who were once the children of Kathy Whitaker’s era have made a conscious decision to treat their children equal. Christmas brings G.I. Joes for the little girls instead of...

History of the Apple Macintosh

History of the Apple Macintosh In December of 1983, Apple Computers ran its famous 1984 Macintosh television commercial on a small unknown station solely to make the commercial eligible for awards. The commercial cost $1.5 million and only ran once in 1983, but news and talk shows everywhere replayed it, making TV history. The next month, Apple Computer ran the same ad during the Super Bowl and millions of viewers saw their first glimpse of the Macintosh computer. The commercial was directed by Ridley Scott, and the Orwellian scene depicted the IBM world being destroyed by a new machine called the Macintosh. Could we expect anything less from a company that was once run by the former president of Pepsi-Cola?  Steve Jobs, co-founder of  Apple Computers  had been trying to hire Pepsis John Sculley since early 1983. While he eventually succeeded, Jobs soon discovered that he did not get along with Sculley who, after becoming CEO of Apple Computers, ended up booting him off Apple’s Lisa project. The Lisa was the first consumer computer with a graphical user interface or GUI. Steve Jobs and the Macintosh Computer Jobs then switched over to managing the Apple Macintosh project that was started by Jeff Raskin. Jobs was determined that the new Macintosh was going to have a graphical user interface like the Lisa, but at a considerably lower cost. The early Mac team members (1979) consisted of Jeff Raskin, Brian Howard, Marc LeBrun, Burrell Smith, Joanna Hoffman and Bud Tribble. Others began working working on the Mac at later dates. Seventy-four days after the introduction of the Macintosh, the company was only able to sell 50,000 units. At the time, Apple refused to license the OS or the hardware, the 128k memory was not enough and the onboard floppy drive was difficult to use. The Macintosh did have Lisas user friendly GUI, but was missing some of the more powerful features of the Lisa, such as multitasking and the 1 MB of memory. Jobs compensated by making sure developers created software for the new Macintosh, Jobs figured that software was the way to win the consumer over and in 1985, the Macintosh computer line received a big sales boost with the introduction of the LaserWriter printer and Aldus PageMaker, which made home desktop publishing possible. That was also the year that the original founders of Apple left the company. Power Struggle at Apple Computers Steve Wozniak  returned to college and Steve Jobs was fired as his difficulties with John Sculley came to a head. Jobs had decided to regain control of the company from Sculley by scheduling a business meeting in China for Sculley and so that Jobs could carry out a corporate takeover while Sculley was absent. Word of Jobs true motives reached Sculley before the China trip and he confronted Jobs and asked Apples Board of Directors to vote on the issue. Everyone voted for Sculley and so, in lieu of being fired, Jobs quit. Jobs later rejoined Apple in 1996 and has happily worked there ever since. Sculley was eventually replaced as CEO of Apple.

Evaluate Bodyshop company Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Evaluate Bodyshop company - Coursework Example Sesame oil and marula oil are the most common natural ingredients utilized by the company in making its products. Marula oil is obtained from kernels and some of its traditional use entailed body moistening as a lotion and massage treatment purposes. Sesame oil also acts as skin moisturizer and skin massage oil (Nitzsch & Rose, 2011, p. 23). Body shop obtains its ingredients via Community Fair Trade. The products fall under various categories depending on their use. The first category is fragrances that include varied products for men and women. Body butters include Meringa, strawberry, Shea, Satsuma, olive coconut and mango products. Skin care products contain a wide range of minerals including vitamin c, tea tree, seaweed and Aloe Vera. Under this category, Body shop has lotions approved by pediatricians for babies. Maca root and White musk are skin products for men. Make ups include eye shadow, lipstick, mineral make up and mascara. For hair care, they have banana conditioner and banana shampoo. The last category is bathing products that include soaps and gels. Antiperspirants are the latest products by Body Shop (Body Shop Business, 2011, p. 1). Market entry Initially, Body Shop was an environmental friendly single-store shop specializing in natural cosmetic products in Berkeley, California. Anita Roddick visited the shop as a customer. It inspired her to start her own shop of similar products. She opened a shop in 1976, UK and began producing the naturally scented products. In 1987, she bought naming rights for her shop consequently labeling it Body Shop (Haile, 2004, p. 24). It expanded at a steady rate of 50% quickly spreading to other countries. Initial investment and ownership Anita needed 4,000 sterling pounds to start her investment. She obtained the money from a bank as an investment loan for her first shop. Following success, she wanted to open another shop but funds remained a challenge. The bank refused to loan her the money. She obtained 4,000 s terling pounds for her second shop from a friend of one of the girls assisting at the first shop. However, the person demanded a 50% share in the shop she was to set up. Further funding for expansion was through informal arrangements with various businesspersons and businesses (Haile, 2004, p. 22). Body Shop offered its first public offing on April 1984. Anita Roddick and her husband Gordon Roddick owned the company for 30 years from the date of establishment until 2006, when L’Oreal corporate team purchased the company (Body Shop Business, 2011, p. 1). Body Shop’s Unique Selling Preposition Anita Roddick advocated for environmental friendly products to conserve the environment and maintain healthy bodies. As Gordon Brown, the English Prime Minister, acknowledge that after Anita Roddick’s death in 2007, she and her company campaigned for green issues long before it became a popular topic in the world (Assenmacher, 2012, p. 24). She is a pioneer in instilling the globe’s environmental concerns in people. This ultimately convinced people to use Body Shop products. Apart from environmental issues, Body Shop campaigned for other social issues that included enhancing self-esteem in women. In this campaign, the company contradicted the popular media concepts of women that depicted women as stereotype (Dutta, 2007). Body shop also engaged in community activities in which it funded various environmentalist and social groups. Consequently, it familiarized their products with interest topics

Banking policy in Burma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Banking policy in Burma - Essay Example The indigenous banks of Burma were not started, until after the county’s independence in 1948.The banks that started operations in Burma during the colonial times, targeted the export trade of rice. They centralized their operations around Rangoon, engaging mainly in Chettiar lending, except a few like Dawson’s bank, which exited Burma after the 1942 invasion by the Japanese (Econ 335 a). Remarkable in the philosophical and the ideological banking profile of colonial Burma, are the exchange banks, which initiated western banking services at Burma. These exchange banks trace their origins to the trading firms of Burma, which mediated the commercial dealings of Burma with the outside world – throughout the nineteenth century. These firms include the Wallace Brothers, which was a remarkable example of the transition from being merchants, towards assuming the role of merchant bankers. By the end of the 19th century, the traders and the merchants that had operated as banks across the British Empire, either converted or left business for international banks. Most of these banks were headquartered at London, including Lloyds Bank and the National Bank of India (Econ 335 a). Most of the banks did not engage in the service of the entire population, particularly the countryside, but focused on the financing of rice trade, among a few other commodities at Rangoon. The finances of these banks were mostly outsourced from outside Burma, particularly London; the banks, later diversified towards the collection of deposits from European professionals, managers, and Burmese and Indian traders. The banking sector of colonial Burma was characterized by trade finance and the sale of bills of exchange. The bill of exchange is among the finance tools that revolutionized international trade during the nineteenth century; the instrument allowed exporters to receive the value of their exports, immediately after the sale of the exports, and in the local currency. The service was offered by exchange banks, which marked a reduction in the risks borne by exporters and importers; it also increased their access to credit. The bills of exchange were a short-term credit instrument, ordinarily 60 days, and not longer than 90 days. Banking institutions like the British banks, concentrated in the provision of financial services, and funding to businesses, particularly European as well as the colonial administration and its agencies. For instance, the Imperial bank offered wholesale financing to Chettairs, thus was an import financier of the Burmese agricultural sector. Despite the dominance of British banks, non-British exchange banks like Citibank started their operations in Asia, during 1812. The bank started its operations at Rangoon in 1919. For example, some Chinese banks arrived into Burma, immediately after the completion of Burma Road, in 1938 targeting the upcoming opportunities (Econ 335 a). There was the rise of Burmese banks, including  "U Rai Gyaw Thoo and Dawson’s Bank†. Dawson’s Bank was started in 1905, with the role of assisting Burmese agricultural players, so that they could free their lands from Indian-money-tenders. The local banks sought closeness to the farmers, so that they would ensure that they would get cheap credit, and, so that the banks would ensure that they used the money for the specified purpose. U Rai Gyaw Thoo was among the first Burmese-operated and owned bank, which grew out of shipping, trading and money lending. There

Operation management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Operation management - Assignment Example Operation management is important for two main reasons – firstly it can improve the productivity and secondly it helps to meet the competitive priorities of the customers. Productivity can be defined as the ratio of the output to input. It is rather a measure through which the efficiency of the employees or managers is utilized to convert the scarce resources of the organization into products or services. The more is the numerical value of this ratio the higher is the level of efficiency. The importance of operation management is increased in the recent years due to stiff competition, quality conscious customers, new technologies, and service life cycles which imposes pressure on the organization’s operations so as to improve productivity and provide a better quality of the goods and services. This assignment will put focus on Starbucks Corporation which is the largest coffee company across the world and is based in Washington. The brand is a part of the booming restaurant industry and operates through 20,891 stores in almost 64 countries. The company was founded in the year 1971 as a Seattle retailer of coffee beans and from then it has expanded very rapidly. The company is well known for selling coffees but also has extended its product range to pastries, sandwiches, hot and cold beverages, snacks, etc. The inputs of its operations are mainly coffee beans and milk that comes from across nineteen countries, once the beans are collected it is then send to its manufacturing, roasting, and packaging plant. The output is the finished product that is then delivered across its stores and supplies adequate amount of coffees to each of the stores. The input/output transformation model describes the process through which the inputs such as capital, labour, equipment, land building, information, and materials are converted into outputs such as products or

Write a report style essay on one of the topics listed below

Write a report style on one of the topics listed below - Essay Example , businesses, especially those with overseas operations and branches all over the world rely on wireless networks to send and receive information on short notices. However, its effects may not all be good. In recent times, issues have been voiced out relating to health hazards arising from long term exposure to electro magnetic radiation emitted by wireless networks. Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) is a networking system which interconnects devices within a small geographic area. Such devices would include multiple printers, telephones, keyboards, mice and personal computers that need not be connected with wires anymore. An example of this would be Bluetooth. Worboys & Duckham (2004, p. 281) have described Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) as technology that uses radio instead of wires to transmit data back and forth across distances of 100 m or so from LAN access points. It connects computers in a small area such as a home, office or school. An example of this would be WiFi (wireless fidelity) networks. Mobile Device Networks are alternative means of carrying computer data through smart phones and cell phones. Such networks include Global System for Mobile Communications, Personal Communications Service and D-AMPS. Research has been carried out about the risks to health caused by wireless networking systems. Studies have linked radiation from mobile phones to cancer and brain damage and scientists believe that it can cause premature senility and tumors. Children are especially at risk as they have thinner skulls than adults and developing nervous systems. According to Bangeman (2006), Fred Gilbert, the president of Lakehead University, declares that since younger people have fast growing tissues, wireless networking system poses a threat for them and that even if the risks associated to wireless networking have not been realized yet; it may be so 30-40 years down the road. Another cause of concern is that wireless networking systems use 2.4 GHz radio

Difficult in finding good jobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Difficult in finding good jobs - Essay Example (Lenard, 2011) Depending on which state one resides in, the difficulty in finding employment can be described as .82 workers for every position, (in Washington, D.C.) or as many as 8.24 workers for every position (in Michigan). (Lenard, 2011) Production jobs are down nearly 50% as a result of outsourcing. (Lenard, 2011) With unemployment benefits on the decrease, due to fewer workers in the system supporting the tax base revenues from which those benefits derive, what does the future look like for these people? (Lenard, 2011) The impact of not being able to find work has caused some serious consequences for our economy. (Bruce, 2011) This type of structural unemployment is closely aligned with system failure. (Bruce, 2011) The current economic downturn has been long lasting. (Bruce, 2011) Most business cycles take approximately 20 years to return to their previous position. (Bruce, 2011) That means we have approximately 10 – 12 more years before we will be able to see more availability of employment. (Bruce, 2011) In addition to decreased productivity in the marketplace, unemployed workers are no longer supporting the tax revenue base that pays for unemployment benefits as well as numerous social programs that provide health care, training, and child care assistance to help people stay healthy and find employment. (Bruce, 2011) This creates a situation where the government must either increase taxes or borrow the money to cover this debt. Increased taxes lead to less consumption, which creates new unemployment. (Bruce, 2011) It takes money out of the financial markets, which also increases the interest rates; this, in turn, increases costs for companies and lowers profit margins; again, creating more layoffs. (Bruce, 2011) It’s a downward spiral. As companies outsource, they eliminate American workers and the managers that keep the production cycle in motion. (Bruce, 2011) For the ethnic worker, illegal immigrants take on blue collar jobs that many

Write a report style essay on one of the topics listed below

Write a report style on one of the topics listed below - Essay Example , businesses, especially those with overseas operations and branches all over the world rely on wireless networks to send and receive information on short notices. However, its effects may not all be good. In recent times, issues have been voiced out relating to health hazards arising from long term exposure to electro magnetic radiation emitted by wireless networks. Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) is a networking system which interconnects devices within a small geographic area. Such devices would include multiple printers, telephones, keyboards, mice and personal computers that need not be connected with wires anymore. An example of this would be Bluetooth. Worboys & Duckham (2004, p. 281) have described Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) as technology that uses radio instead of wires to transmit data back and forth across distances of 100 m or so from LAN access points. It connects computers in a small area such as a home, office or school. An example of this would be WiFi (wireless fidelity) networks. Mobile Device Networks are alternative means of carrying computer data through smart phones and cell phones. Such networks include Global System for Mobile Communications, Personal Communications Service and D-AMPS. Research has been carried out about the risks to health caused by wireless networking systems. Studies have linked radiation from mobile phones to cancer and brain damage and scientists believe that it can cause premature senility and tumors. Children are especially at risk as they have thinner skulls than adults and developing nervous systems. According to Bangeman (2006), Fred Gilbert, the president of Lakehead University, declares that since younger people have fast growing tissues, wireless networking system poses a threat for them and that even if the risks associated to wireless networking have not been realized yet; it may be so 30-40 years down the road. Another cause of concern is that wireless networking systems use 2.4 GHz radio

Crystal Lake Manufacturing A NAFTA Dilemma Essay

Crystal Lake Manufacturing A NAFTA Dilemma - Essay Example The west conquest even helped in finding new places to grow broom corn as it appeared to be very fertile. This finally led to the exportation of both U.S. brooms and making equipment which today can be found worldwide. The U.S. broom industry was very successful until 1994 when foreign brooms were allowed into the U.S., duty free. The largest competitor to U.S. corn brooms is Mexico. The decision taken in 1994 lead in 1996 to a debate regarding the "invasion" of Mexico corn brooms and its disastrous effects on the U.S. broom industry (the loss of 49 jobs over 4 years). Consequently, measures were taken by the President to reinstate tariffs on Mexican corn brooms to give time to the domestic industry to implement adjustments to foreign competition. The main differences raised by this dispute inside NAFTA are the production processes used by both industries. On one hand in 1995, 84 per cent of broom corn brooms were produced using the wire-wound process, which is a very labor intensive process and requires skilled craftsmen. The learning of such a technique in order to be fully proficient may require several years. The other 16 per cent were produced using the nailed-machine method, an automation of the broom production process. The wire-wound process using corn broom is the production process used in crystal Lake Manufacturing.

Supply Chain Strategy Essay Example for Free

Supply Chain Strategy Essay What recent changes have caused supply chain management to gain importance? 2. With so much productive capacity and room for expansion in the United States, why would a company based in the United States choose to purchase items from foreign firm? Discuss the pros and cons. The use of foreign firms can provide a U. S. firm more alternatives in selecting a supplier. The pros are more choices, potentially reduced costs in the areas of materials, transportation, production, and distribution, and potentially moving closer to a foreign market. The cons are the distance is generally increased, communications problems are increased due to distance, culture, and technology. There may be problems with customs, government regulations, political stability, etc. 3. Describe the differences between functional and innovative products. Functional products are staples that people buy in a wide range of retail outlets. Typically, they do not change much over time, have low profit margins, stable predictable demand and long life cycles. Innovative products, on the other hand, give customers additional reasons to buy. Fashionable clothes and personal computers are examples of innovative products. Innovative products have short life cycles, high profit margins, and volatile demand. 4. What are characteristics of efficient, responsive, risk-hedging and agile supply chains? Can a supply chain be both efficient and responsive? Risk-hedging and Agile? Why or Why not? As a supplier, which factors would you consider about a buyer (your potential customer) to be important in setting up a long-term relationship? The financial stability and credit worthiness of the company is of primary importance. The reputation of the company visavis their supplier is also very important. For example, is this a company that is fair with its suppliers and honors its payables in a timely fashion? Is the technological match between supplier and customer sufficient? Will delivery schedules and quantities be stable, facilitating smooth operations? For the value density example in Exhibit 10. 9, what would the effect be if a competing firm offers you a similar service for 10 percent less than Federal Express’s rates? 7. What are the advantages of using the postponement strategy? Process postponement delays the process step that differentiate the product to as late in the supply chain as possible. The advantages of this approach are that lower levels of inventory, and fewer models are needed to match customer requirements. This results in higher levels of customer satisfaction at a lower cost.

What Is Ethnonationalism And Its Political Role Politics Essay

What Is Ethnonationalism And Its Political Role Politics Essay The conclusion of the Cold War in 1991 coincides with the surge of violent civil conflicts and the break of nations based on ethnonationalism. The 1990s witnessed a new surge of violent civil conflicts and the splintering of ethnic wars (graph). Dan Smith, director of the International Peace Research Institution in Oslo (PRIO), has calculated that of the 52 armed conflicts of various sizes that took place in 42 states in 1993, 36, in 30 states, had ethno-national characteristics; that is, at lest one side could be identified as belonging to a distinct ethnic group (Tishkov 2004:72). The term ethnonationalism refers to a politicized group affiliation based on inherent traits ethnicity, race, clan, tribe, cultural heritage or religion that define a group of individuals in the minds of its members. Ethnonationalist violence should not surprise, went the common refrain, as they are based on primordial human emotions and centuries of history. There may be a shift were the individuals pr imary identity and allegiance shifts from the civil state to the ethnonation. This shift may or may not result in violent conflict. As of 2000, fewer than 10% of the worlds 191 nations are ethnically or racially homogeneous (Wright 1973:158). Such conflicts may involve great violence, such as Bosnia and Rwanda; however in other cases there is little violence, such as Northern Ireland. Ethnonationalism violent conflicts also occur within established democracy, for example, the struggle between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland (Slack and Doyon 2001:139). Ethnonationalism The roots of modern nationalism can be found in late eighteenth-century Western Europe and North America, and it subsequently spread to all of Europe and eventually to all parts of the world (Alter 1994:18). Ethnicity is the most central and powerful element in the development of nationalism. Ethnonationalism denotes both the loyalty to a nation deprived of its own state and the loyalty to an ethnic group embodied in a specific state, particularly where the latter is conceived as a nation-state (Connor 1994:?). Ethnonationalist believe nationality is inherent, one can neither acquire it if one does not have it, nor change it if one does; it has nothing to do with individual will, but constitutes a genetic characteristic (Guibernau and Rex 2010:5). Ethnonationalism is rooted in a sense of common origins, primarily ancestral, as manifested in shared linguistic, religious, and racial marker (Riggs 1994:599). Nationalism is defined as an extensive aggregation of individuals closely associated with each other by common descent, language or history, as to form a distinct race or people (Slack Doyon 2001). Nation by the latter definition becomes equivalent to ethnic group. Nation is a matter of self-awareness or self-consciousness (Connor 1978:104). This is precisely why it is so difficult to define nation, because it is a self-defining group. Nationalism arises when the members of a nation demand that the nation be organized into a sovereign state (Slack and Doyon 2001:140). The essence of nationalism is not tangible, but psychological, a matter of attitude rather than fact (Connor 1972:42). MORE ON PAGE 43. Nationalism is likely to be based on ethnic distinctions, rather than the idea that everyone who lives in a country is entitled to the same rights and privileges (Guibernau and Rex 2010:96 Reader). Allegations of ethnic supremacy, along with ethnonationalism and retribution for past in justices, are at the center of much of the ethnic violence (Cozic 1994:93). The causes and implications of ethnic conflict are understood as a dispute about important political, economic, social, cultural or territorial issues between two or more ethnic groups (Guibernau and Rex 2010:90). Ethnicity relates to the identification of individuals by language, religion, geographical location, the sharing of common historical experience, or various other elements. Membership of the group is based on the presumption of a shared trait or traits that can be anything from genealogy to dressing habits (Slack Doyon 2001:140). An ethnic group is therefore defined by a boundary ascribed by the members of the ethnic group or outsider. There is a distinction between primary and secondary ethnic groups (Riggs 1994:592). Riggs asserts that primary ethnic groups tend to function as closed sub-societies within a larger host society, whereas secondary ethnic groups, while maintaining their cultural identity, participate directly in a host society at various levels (1994:592). In modem states members of primary ethnic communities reject the state where they live as a basis for their self-identity, whereas members of secondary ethnic communities accept the state (Riggs 1994:592). Problems arise in both cases but they are different (Riggs 1994:592). Members of a primary ethnic community feel like prisoners and they seek to escape the confines of the state (Riggs 1994:592). This leads them to rebel, to seek autonomy, independence, or unification with another state by boundary changes (Riggs 1994:593). The members epitomize ethnonationalism. By contrast members of a secondary ethnic community often feel that although they ar e unfairly treated by the state, it is possible by peaceful means to secure full equality of status as citizens in all matters involving political, social and economic justice (Riggs 1994:593). Their sense of grievance often leads to political action and non-violent protests or civil disobedience, but not to rebellions (Riggs 1994:593). Conflict tends to emerge when ethnic or national identities are in opposition to each other. Additionally, between 1918 and 1945, nationalism became synonymous with intolerance, inhumanity and violence (Cozic 1994:19). Most ethnic conflicts have a background of domination, injustice or oppression by one ethnic group or another (Wright 1993:158). Although ethnic conflict is viewed as a strife based on religion, economic inequality, political, language, or another tangible element, the conflict is fundamentally based on identity which manifests itself in the us-them syndrome (Connor 1967:46). The ethnic conflict could escalate into ethic genocide. According to Riggs (1994) about 130 million individuals have been slain between 1900 and 1987 as a result of genocide committed by governments on their own people. Many times more people are killed in genocide and mass murder than in all foreign and domestic wars (Riggs 1994:583). While most of the deaths reported by Riggs probably cannot be attributed to ethnonational conflicts, however, it is reasonable to presume that ethnic conflict has been an important factor in many of them. Democracies provide minorities with opportunities for non-violent expression of grievance. Minorities believe they can gain more legitimacy through peaceful political action than by violent rebellions or terrorism. Conversely, in weak authoritarian regimes, where minorities are suppressed and often killed, some will organize rebellions, feeling that only by violence will they gain the autonomy needed to protect their interests. Riggs offers the complementary finding that genocide occurs most often in non-democratic states, whereas democracies are far more non-violent. Among the 169 million victims of democide during the 20th century, Riggs claims that only about 2 million were inflicted on their citizens by democratic states (1994). Of the 167 million, over 110 million took place under communist regimes, about 138 in totalitarian states and well over 28 million under authoritarianism. (Riggs 1994:584). Ethnonational rebellions, therefore, have several dimensions: they often combine r evolt against oppression by hostile but dominate communities with the need to create enclaves of order in a context of disorder (Riggs 1994:584). The Troubles (1968-1998) The conflict of the Troubles dates back the 1600s when Britain began colonizing Ireland, it encouraged Protestants from Scotland and English, to move to Northern Ireland to help maintain and control the Irish Catholics (Healey 2006). The new arrivals began, with the assistance of the English, to own much of the economy, political structures, and land in the northern region of Ireland. The Protestants began to separate themselves from the native Catholics through policies implemented to create separate facilities within the same society for the use of a minority group, similar to Jim Crow segregation in the United States. Difference in laws and customs between Protestants and Catholics were used to reinforce the subordinate position of the Irish Catholics. However, the Irish were not subordinated and attempted to gain their independence through violent rebellions, which ultimately led to their independents. The Eastern Rebellion in 1916, also known as the Proclamation of 1916, led to creation of the Republic of Ireland (Healey 2006). The Republic of Ireland consisted of most of the island, except the providence of Ulster. Now, Northern Ireland consisted of Protestant majority and the Republic of Ireland consisted of Catholic majority, which provided the underlying basis for the Trouble. In Northern Ireland, Catholic and Protestant are terms used to connote two diverse and conflicting cultures (Shivers and Bowmen 1984:3). Distinguishing factors between the two are internal, the way one views oneself. However, Most people in Northern Ireland insist that the civic conflict that occurred was not because of religion but sovereignty: not Protestantism but Loyalism; not Catholicism but Nationalism or Republicanism (Vincent 127). Protestant majority and Catholic minority in Northern Ireland is another way of distinguishing between the two groups. There is no distinct term to explain the minority-majority spilt, but Northern Irish people have use many other terms: Insiders/Outsiders; the haves/the have nots; colonials/natives; Scotch/Gales; Protestant/Catholic; Unionist/Nationalist; Loyalist/Republican; British/Irish; the Orange/the Green (Shivers and Bowmen 1984:4). The attempts by Catholic minority to express through the electoral process their long-standing discontent wit h political rule by a religiously and culturally distinct people, as well as the attempts of the moderate government to move toward equalization of opportunity for the minority, resulted in a series of violent reactions during 1966, and untimely the beginning of the Troubles (Connor 1967:12). The struggle predicated on fundamental differences in national identity. The people of Northern Ireland did not homogeneously consider themselves Irish. In a study conducted in 1968 by the University of Strathcylde, 43 percent considered themselves Irish, 29 percent British, 21 percent Ulster, and 7 percent mixed, uncertain, or mixed (Connor 1967:45). On the basis of ethnic and religious history in Northern Ireland, there is a correlation between those that identify themselves as Irish and Catholicism (Connor 1967:45). McGarry and OLeary (1995) interpret religion as an ethnic marker, a component of ethnonationalism in Northern Ireland, the conflict is about two contesting national identities, Unionist (Protestant) and Nationalist (Catholic). Religion is just a label used to distinguish members of one ethnonationalist group from another. Religion was used as the basis of separate social structures that keep communities apart. Whyte (1990) wrote about the three ways in which religion and social segregation were seen in Northern Ireland: segregation by religion in education, high levels of endogamy (marriage within ones religious group), and high levels of residential segregation. The churches worked together with the political parties and the two states, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, to keep people divided and maintain their power (Fulton 1991). Religion has acted as an agent in historical struggles for political power (Fulton 1991). Churches tried to keep their control through influencing political policy and maintaining their grip on the education system. According to Wright (1973), religion as an ideology is extremely important. Religion was an important source of identity in Northern Ireland, even for Protestants who do not go to church (Wright 1973). Religion can operate as an ideology even for those who are not committed believers (Wright 1973). Religion is important in many complex ways; it provides meaning and substance to ethnonational identities (Mitchell 2006). Religious ideas inform Protestants everyday understandings of social relationships and perceptions of Catholics (Wright 1973). The more segregation between communities, the less information each has of the other. Knowledge comes from socialized teachings, ideas, theories, and mythologies, which are often religious in nature (Wright 1973). Religious ideas overlap with political and economic divisions and this makes them even more important. Religion, according to Claire Mitchell (2006), derives social and political significance from five overlapping dimensions: 1) relationship between the churches and sociopolitical power (i.e. relationships with nationalist and unionist politicians), 2) role of religion as the dominant ethnic marker (maintained through segregated education, marriage, housing patterns and social networks), 3) religions role in the construction of communities (esp. Catholicism, the role of the Catholic Church in organising social life and the importance of ritual), 4) religions role in the construction of ideologies (esp. Protestantism, concepts such as liberty, the honest Ulsterman, and anti-Catholicism), and 5) relationship between theology and politics (esp. for fundamentalists/evangelicals). The essence of nation being is psychologically important. Members of a particular group feel a sense of being related to one another, or of myths of being from a common descendent. The turmoil in Northern Ireland between those who think of themselves as Irish and those who do not is facilely explained as a religious struggle, no other readily identifiable distinction, such as language or race, being in evidence (Connor 1984:146). Ethnonational discrimination does occur in a given state, for example, in Northern Ireland discrimination is a major element in the poorer economic and occupational status of the Irish as contrast with the non-Irish (Connor1984:148). The Good Friday Agreement marked the end of the Troubles, which was established in 1998, created a new power sharing agreement for the governance in Northern Ireland (Healey 2006). Thus, both Protestant and Catholic parties would participate in the government. The Bosnian War (1992-1995) Yugoslavia was formed in 1918, at the end of World War I (Healey 2006:479). The country consists of a variety of ethnic groups, including Croats, Serbs, Bosnians, and Muslims. In 1974 Josip Broz Tito turned Yugoslavia into a confederation of six republics, one of which was Bosnia and Herzegovina (Slack and Doyon 2001:142). Bosnia was the most diverse republic, often described as a microcosm of the Balkans, a human mosaic made up of the genes of innumerable (Slack and Doyon 2001:141). Before this the Muslims have never been able to assert themselves as a distinct ethnic group, with aspirations of statehood, as have the Croats and Serbs (Slack and Doyon 2001:141). As a consequence of the newly formed republics, Muslims were going to be the dominant group in Bosnia. During the time that Yugoslavia was led by Tito, Roman Catholic Croats, Orthodox Christian Serbs, and Muslim Bosnians coexisted peacefully in Bosnia. However, following Titos death in 1980, Yugoslavia began to be breakup. While the Croats tended to view Yugoslavia as a decentralized federation, the Serbs were espoused to a highly centralized system (Slack and Doyon 2001:142). With Bosnias secession from Yugoslavia in 1992, the Bosnian Croats and the Bosnian Serbs suddenly became apart of the ethnic minorities in the new state of Bosnia instead of being members of the dominant Croat and Serb nations within Yugoslavia. The population Bosnia in 1991 consisted of Bosnian Muslims (1.9 million, 44% of all), Serbs (1.4 million, 31%), Bosnian Croats (760,000), 17%, and Others (all remaining ethnicities jointly: 350,000, 8%) (Tabeaui and Bijaki 2005:188). Demographic conditions can lead to ethnonationalist war when ethnonationalism becomes a political force (Slack and Doyon 2001:159). The relative numbers of rival ethnic populations within a disputed territory becomes an issue of concern for a civil war. Bosnian Serbs, and later also Bosnian Croats, fought (often through ethnic cleansing and terror campaigns) to take and control territories that otherwise would be subject to the rule of Bosnian Muslims. Ethnic conflict takes place when mobilized identity groups struggle for greater power, whether for power in an already established state or a newly independent state. In 1991, the Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic began to increase the dominance of Serbs in the former Yugoslavia, particularly in three republics, Bosnia, Croatia and Slovenia, felt directly threatened by Serb nationalism and the perspective of Greater Serbia carved out of the territories mainly in Bosnia (Tabeaui and Bijaki 2005:188). The Muslims fought for these terr itories, as they believed they did not have much choice. Breaking away from Yugoslavia put Bosnian Muslims in a particularly difficult position, as they were left with no support other than the one expected from the international community, which came in April 1992, however, it did not stop the Bosnian conflict (Tabeaui and Bijaki 2005:189). Due to the mixed ethnic composition of Bosnia, there was an absence of a single ethnic Muslim republic in the former Yugoslavia. The most essential observation of the Bosnian population at the outbreak of the 1990s conflict is that while there were Bosnians in a geographical sense, there were hardly any Bosnians in a political sense. Bosnian Muslims, Serbs and Croats existed as politically distinct groups who happened to live in Bosnia (Tabeaui and Bijaki 2005:188). Political goals of these groups were too distinct to allow for coexistence. Serbs, and later also Croats, fought, often through ethnic cleansing and terror campaigns, to take and control of Bosnia (Tabeaui and Bijaki 2005:188). The conflicts were not religious wars, but religion and language were important tools of ethnic identification, ethnonationalism. In an effort to distinguish the other the ethnic groups stressed subtle differences among the languages. Located in the heart of the former-Yugoslavia, Bosnia found itself locked between two more powerful states, Croatia and Serbia. The wars caused the most destruction in Bosnia, as the country contains sizeable Croat and Serb populations. The 1990 elections, is an example of growing ethnonationalism in Bosnia, members of each ethnic group voted in the 1990 election along ethnic nationalist lines, even though they were unimpressed with the party leaders, out of fear that ethnic groups to which they did not belong would gain political ascendancy (Slack and Doyon 2001:143). The political construction of ethnonationalism had now begun, and Bosnia was beginning to partition. The Territorial partitions can lead to renewed violence and mass refugee flows, entail an indefinite international peacekeeping presence, and paradoxically can result in new sets of sectarian demands (Wood 2001:70). An imposed partition only rarely results in a homogeneous territory and often leads to civic wars. Signed at the end of the war, the Dayton Agreement was more of a ceasefire agreement than a sustainable, long-term solution for Bosnia. According to this agreement signed in December 1995, Bosnia is a partitioned state divided into two parts. One entity is the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina with a majority of Muslims and Croat population, and the other entity is Republika Srpska, almost entirely populated by Serbs (Tabeaui and Bijaki 2005:189). The borders were determined by the frontlines when the wars ended, resulting in the formation of ethnic enclaves. The three dominant ethnic groups, Muslims, Serbs, and Croats, are represented in all levels of government thus creating excess personnel and slow reform. The country has three presidents, one from each group, and a parliament in which Croats, Serbs and Muslims each have a third of seats. Furthermore, many politicians gain votes in elections through ethnonationalist campaigns that appeal to their own ethnic and religious group . The entire government reports to a High Representative, who is appointed largely by the international community and will remain in Bosnia for an undetermined time. Since the wars, the population of Bosnia in 2009 was 4.6 million according to the CIA World Factbook. Muslims comprise 48% of the population, Serbs are 37% and Croats are 14%. Religious demographics strongly reflect ethnic demographics in the population of Bosnia, with 40% Muslim, 31% Orthodox, and 15% Roman Catholic. With such a strong connection between religion and ethnicity in the former Yugoslavia, it is not surprising that religion became an important tool of identification of ethnonationalism during and after the wars. Rwanda (1994) While Rwandas two ethnic groups, Hutus and Tutsis, experienced a long history of hatred, the conflict escalated in April 1994 when a plane carrying the Hutu President of Rwanda was shot down over the capital, Kigali (Healey 2006). The suspicious deaths of the presidents of Rwanda triggered a sudden and massive bloodletting, primarily by Hutus against Tutsis (Wood 2001:60). An estimated 5-10 per cent of Rwandas population was then killed between the second week of April and the third week of May 1994; one of the highest casualty rates of any population in history from non-natural causes (Hintjens 1999:241-2). In all roughly 800,000 people were killed, and millions fled Rwanda (Healey 2006). The history of Tutsi and Hutu over the past century is one in which traditional ethnic roles were continually manipulated, fuelling hostility and making recurring mass violence all but inevitable (Wood 2001:64). Colonization and conquest helped fuel the already intense ethnic conflict between the Tutsis and Hutus in what is now Rwanda (Healey 2006). Traditionally, Tutsis had been the rulers over the Hutus. By 1400, Europeans nations began colonizing Africa, and Germany had established control over the region, which possessed Rwanda, in the late 1800s (Healey 2006). In an attempted to administer and control Rwanda, Germany put the Tutsis in a position to govern the Hutus. The case of divide and rule, further perpetrated the hostility between the two ethnic groups (Healey 2006:480). After Germanys defeat in WWI, Belgium took control over the region, and continued the tradition of the political and economic differentials between the two tribes (Healey 2006:480). Colonial support shifted toward Hutus in the 1950s and, by Rwandas independence from Belgium in 1962, a new generation of Hutu leaders were able to turn against the Tutsis, expelling several hundred thousand to neighboring Burundi and Uganda (Wood 2001:62). In 1969, two nations were established in the region: Burundi, which was dominated by Tutsis, and Rwanda, which was dominated by Hutus (Healey 2006). The Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF), led by Tutsi, had been waging an increasingly successful war since its 1990 offensive against the Hutu-dominated government of President Habyarimana (Wood 2001:60). His government had managed to control ethnic violence in the 1980s and had been pursuing power-sharing talks with the RPF that culminated in the August 1993 Arusha Accords (Wood 2001:60). At the same time, though, he had also cracked down on political opponents, including moderate Hutus, and had begun to incite violence against Tutsis (Wood 2001:60). An October 1993 Tutsi military coup against the predominantly Hutu government of neighboring Burundi heightened paranoia among Rwandan Hutus (Wood 2001:60). Up to and during the April-July 1994 genocide, the RPF continued to take territory away from government troops and finally ousted the government (Wood 2001:60). Hutu militia (known as the Interahamwe originally a government-sponsored youth movement became an armed anti-Tutsi force in the early 1990s) hunted down Tutsis and moderate Hutus (Wood 2001:60). The Interahamwe ideology behind the government supported genocide painted Tutsis as an invading force from the north. This inaccurate caricature was reinforced by colonial rulers who favoured the Tutsis as natural born leaders, racially superior to Hutus, and imposed ethnic identity cards, thereby aggravating a tightly controlled political system and an economically interdependent society (Wood 2001:72). Officials of the authoritarian regime of President Juvenal Habyarimana, felt as if their power was diminishing so they used their monopoly of media to create a finely tuned propaganda machine that played on Hutu fears of the former Tutsi elite and purveyed false, versions of the history of relations between the two groups (Snyder and Ballentine 1996:30). In April 1994, the Hutu official group unleashed militias trained in the techniques of genocide. At the same time, Radio-T6levision Libre des Mille Collines, a pseudo-private station established by Habyarimanas wife, announced that Tutsi rebels were about to rise up and kill Hutu, and consequently that all Hutu should join the militias in a campaign of preventive killing (Snyder and Ballentine 1996:30). Unlike Bosnia, where ethnic cleansing dragged on for several years, the genocidal frenzy in Rwanda lasted about three months (Wood 2001:60). Exhorted by government-sponsored hate broadcasts and leaflets, and often led by officials, many Hutus turned on their Tutsi neighbors with a vengeance. For the most part, Hutu mobs had free reign to shoot, hack, and beat to death men, women, and children hiding in their homes, churches, hospitals, and even orphanages (Wood 2001:61). Many Tutsi women were raped before being killed and many children, as a means of degrading and terrorizing Tutsi communities. Interahamwe leaders carefully planned the genocide, provided weapons, compiled lists of important Tutsis, and went to each commune to ensure that killings were thoroughly carried out (Wood 2001:61). The ideology behind Rwandas genocide evolved amidst harsh conditions of poverty, arable land scarcity, and income inequity (Wood 2001:64). Theories of racial struggles and hierarchy enhance during the time of economic struggle. In the mid 1980s the price of coffee dropped (Hintjens 1999). The export of coffee and tea has been important in the region (Healey 2006). As a result of the economic decline, the search began for a scapegoat and the decline became another reason for genocide. In Rwanda conspiracy theories and myths were used to justify genocide. In an impoverished ethnocratic state like Rwanda, ethnicity is also the ruling principle of economic and social differentiation, with ethnic groups then forced to confront each other in the process of competition for material and social resources (Markakis 1993, 236). Such demography-linked pressures as shrinking farm size (an average of less than 1 hectare) and high fertility rates (with a population doubling time of under 20 years a nd a young population age structure), as well as a stagnant economy, helped increase tensions between Rwandas 7.8 million Hutus and Tutsis (Wood 2001:64). Nationalism in effect attempts to squeeze an idealized grouping of otherwise disparate people into a territorially defined state (Agnew and Corbridge 1995). Ethnic segregation through the division of artificially bounded political units becomes a requirement for the preservation of a groups threatened identity and thus a matter of life and death. (Wood 2001:63). Comparative Analyze In both Rwanda and Bosnia, the genocides have been part of an overall socio-economic collapse that has left its perpetrators financially much worse off than they were before. Genocidists justified their actions through an ideological than an economic view of national greatness, while exploiting difficult living conditions to scapegoat minorities (Wood 2001:64). In addition, they initiate genocidal measures in peripheral areas of the redefined living space; some of the most brutal violence took place in the rural peripheries of northern and eastern Bosnia, eastern Croatia, northwest Rwanda, and eastern Congo (Wood 2001:64). At the same time, genocidists can go to great lengths to crush heterogeneous and thus politically suspect enclaves within the cultural core of an endlessly purifying homeland (Wood 2001:65). In both Bosnia and Rwanda, the belligerent ethnic groups speak the same language and most Tutsis and Hutus even belong to the same religion. Political leaders in both areas exaggerated perceived ethnic differences and old grievances (Wood 2001:65). They also manipulated violence-inciting propaganda, such as broadcasts by Rwandas infamous Radio Mille Collines describing Tutsis as cockroaches (Wood 2001:65). While not the grand territorially defined strategy that it was in Bosnia, ethnic cleansing was also the goal of Rwandan genocidists. In Rwanda the mechanics of ethnic cleansing were simpler than in Bosnia. Tutsis and some moderate Hutus were killed on the spot or rounded up (either encouraged or forced) in convenient locales, usually church and school compounds, and then massacred by the thousands (Wood 2001:68). But like Bosnia and other twentieth century genocides, ethnic cleansing could not be contained within Rwanda (Wood 2001:68). Bosnia and Rwanda, two radically different geographic contexts, are testimony to how dormant ethnic mistrust and fear can be manipulated into a swift genocidal eruption (Wood 2001:72). In an increasingly heterogeneous world, genocide will remain a fundamental international security threat. (Wood 2001:72). Central to the process of the Bosnian war is the concept of ethnonationalism. The Bosnian war arose out of the collapse of totalitarian control of territory producing a political void that, in turn, exposes a deep-rooted rivalry between ethnic groups leading to a struggle for control of territory ending in an attempt at violent resolution (Slack Doyon 2001:140). Conclusion

A Character Analysis of Daisy Miller :: Daisy Miller, Henry James

In Daisy Miller, Henry James slowly reveals the nature of Daisy"s character through her interactions with other characters, especially Winterbourne, the main character." The author uses third person narration; however, Winterbourne"s thoughts and point of view dominate." Thus, the audience knows no more about Daisy than Winterbourne." This technique helps maintain the ambiguity of Daisy"s character and draws the audience into the story. At first glimpse, Daisy is portrayed as a "pretty American flirt" whose innocence Winterbourne is unsure of, and yet he says he was "almost grateful for having found the formula that applied to Miss Daisy Miller" (James 1563)." Like many people do in first impressions, Winterbourne feels the need to label Daisy right away." In the beginning, the stereotype seems to fit." Daisy is young, unsophisticated, chatty, and brags about all the society, especially gentlemen"s society she had in New York (1562)." She enjoys teasing and getting reactions out of people just for the sake of it." For example, the second time she and Winterbourne meet, late one evening in the garden, she asks him if he wants to take her out in a boat on the lake." Of course, her mother and the courier protest while Daisy laughs and declares, "That"s all I want " a little fuss!"She had no intention of going; she just wanted to get a rise out of someone." Bidding good-night to Winterbourne, she says, "I hope you"re di sappointed, disgusted, or something!" (1572)." She is being flirtatious, but this kind of teasing is also just part of her sense of humor. Daisy Miller may be uneducated, as Winterbourne and his aunt describe her, but she is witty." One illustration of her humor takes place at Mrs. Walker"s party when Winterbourne is criticizing her for her relations with Giovanelli." He says they don"t "understand that sort of thing here"not in young married women."Daisy cries, "I thought they understood nothing else!" and goes on to say, "It seems to me more proper in young unmarried than in old married ones."Daisy typically speaks and behaves frankly, almost in a child-like fashion, but this shows, as the narrator describes it, a "startling worldly knowledge" (1587)." Daisy is somewhat rustic but smart." She has a "natural elegance" and a mixture of" "innocence and crudity," and yet, as seen in her response, her character proves to go beyond the boundaries of this character type of the natural beauty (1564 and 1574).

Equality, Diversity and Rights in Health and Social Care Essay

In this task I am going to be explaining what discrimination is and how it affects people around us. I am also going to be talking about covert and over power of abuse, infringement or rights, discriminatory practice, prejudice, stereotyping and labelling, bullying, loss of rights and also disempowerment. Discriminatory practice means to make choices based upon their categories, like values and beliefs, gender, age, race or religion. Discriminating involves infringement of rights, covert and overt abuse of power, prejudice, stereotyping, labelling, bulling and abuse. If a Muslim woman wanted to work in a health and social care setting and didn’t get the job because of her religion or skin colour this would be discrimination. Discrimination towards a person when working in a health and social care setting has to be taken very seriously, if a person is found out to be discriminating a person this could result in the person losing their job. http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/healthandsocial care Everyone is entitles to have their rights respected and followed, everyone is entitled to right no matter what their race, religion, age or gender is. When working in a health and social care setting for example an elderly care home, all residents have the right to choice, choice of what they want to eat and when they want to eat and when they want to get up in the morning. Care workers must promote the tights of the people they are caring for. Infringement of Rights is when someone’s individual rights are not respected or denied. Muslim people do not eat pork or anything containing gelatine, gelatine comes from pork so when eating something Muslim people have to be aware of what is in their food. It is against their religion to eat any type of pork substance. If a Muslim woman was been cared for in an elderly care home and the care workers served her pork and there were no other options of food she could have this would be taking away her rights and beliefs, this is an example of infringement of rights. It is unacceptable for staff to abuse their power, like making decisions without involving the elderly residents and not a llowing the elderly to make their own choices. Covert abuse is when a person is abusing someone but in a secretive sly way. In a way that is  hidden from anyone elder, this abuse is not physical but is the abuse of power taking away the elderly’s right as an individual. A care worker should ask an elderly resident what they would like for breakfast but if a care worker was using covert abuse against the elderly the elderly person would not be given a choice on what they want for breakfast they would just get what the care worker gives them. If someone using covert abuse they are taking away the choices an individual is entitled too. Abuse of power is denied as a misuse of power, no matter what the context. It can be in the government, in the home or in the work place that the abuse of power is occurring covertly. Covert abuse is an act of discriminatory practice by someone who uses hidden use of power or authority to discriminate a person or social groupings. Such as age, culture, sexuality, gender, family status and health status. Overt abuse of power is when a person abuses their power in an obvious way, the abuser is often more aggressive and physically or psychologically violent. They can be very abusive to the residents and can act with subversive behaviours like spying or phone-tapping, vicious name calling, use sex as a tool for manipulation and self satisfaction, spend large amounts of money without respect for the victims needs and deny love and affection. An example of this is when a person has a purse and a care worker takes money out of it on a regular basis. Overt abuse of power is also discriminatory practice, however unlike covert abuse of power it is the openly use of power and authority to discriminate. http://www.blurtit.com/ Prejudices means judging someone before you have met them and know them. Prejudice is judgement towards people of a person because of their gender, social class, age, disability, religion, sexuality, race/ethnicity, nationality or other personal characteristics. An example of prejudice is if a care worker was talking about an elderly person who was just about to come in to the care home, the care worker may off looked at the elderly person’s notes and seen that the elderly woman is Sikh, the care worker may judge the elderly person because of her religion. This is an example of prejudice because the care worker has judged the elderly without meeting her or knowing her If someone is been prejudice against this can have affects on their health and well-being. If an elderly person feels like they are been judged because of their religion then this could make them discriminated against. It can also make them feel lonely and could  make them feel isolated from other residents. The elderly person could get depressed and this then could have an impact on her physical health, she may feel worn down, lack of energy and this could lead to major health problems such as the immune system going down and this could lead to infections. It is important when working in a health and social care setting that a person is not prejudiced against. http://www.simplypsychology.org/prejudice.html Another example of prejudice is if a man is expected into the care home and he is in a wheelchair, a care worker may have already judged the person and worked out the things he can and cannot do without meeting him. The man may be able to do many things but because the care worker has already judged what he can and can’t do without meeting him this could have affects on his development. If the man in the wheelchair can walk a short distance but the care worker does not think he should then this could delay his development with walking, the man then could stop walking the short distance he can and then in time may not be able to at all because he may not want to, or because he body will get used to not walking so when he try’s it will be harder. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/rs/prejudice/ Not everyone is the same and everyone should be treated differently according to their needs. Stereotyping is when a person or a group of people puts for example and elderly person in a certain category or group because of their age, capabilities, gender or beliefs. It is important when working in a health and social care setting that a care worker does not stereotype. Stereotyping is seen as a form of discrimination and this can have a bad affect on the person. The affects stereotyping can have on a person is low self esteem, if a person is affected by stereotyping they could develop low self esteem, mental health issues such a depression, the person who is been stereotyped could feel isolated or picked on. http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/emotional_health/mental_health/emotion_esteem.shtm Labelling is similar to stereotyping but instead of being complex they are one word like calling an elderly person a whiner. When an elderly person is constantly being referred as a label they stop being people and it may reduce the elderly persons self esteem, dignity and individuality. Labelling people causes them to lose motivation and self-esteem as it closes the mind  of the person who sticks the label. The labeller gets a general perception of the subject and allows him no room for change or improvement. http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Harmful-Effects-of-Labelling-People&id=4705852 Stereotyping and labelling could be overcome if care practitioners stopped making assumptions and looked after the elderly person to a high standard. When working in a health and social care setting it is important that a care worker does not bully anyone that could be staff or residents if working in an elderly care home. Bulling is a form of discrimination and is an evil act towards someone. Bullying means using your power to intimidate another person. Bullying could include staff bullying, older staff bulling younger staff or even staff bullying residents. Bullying could be giving looks to other people, a member of staff could pull a horrible look at a resident, and the resident then could feel bullied. Another form of bullying is humiliation, if an elderly person is humiliated by a member of staff then this is seen as bullying, never should a care worker humiliate or put a resident in an awkward position. This could result in low self-esteem or depression which then has affects on the person’s health and well-being. There is a bulling system which is called cyber bullying, this includes bullying from the internet, email and mobile phones, and this is now one of the most popular ways of bulling a person. These can be physical, verbal or written. All forms of bulling are discrimination. A form a cyber bulling is if a care worker talks to another via internet about a resident in a care home, calling the person names or picking on things about the elder, this is cyber bulling and is not accepted when working in a health and social care setting. When working in a health and social care setting abuse is not allowed, if it is physical, sexual or mental all form of abuse are not accepted and are forms of discrimination towards a person. When working in a health and social care setting abuse should not be accepted, people who work in an elderly care home or visit elderly people’s homes can also target older people and financially abuse them. Financial abuse is when a care worker regularly takes money from an elderly person, weather it stealing without them knowing if taking it from them though a threat towards them. If an elderly person feel threatened they are more likely to give into the abuse. Physical abuse is manhandling a person in a way that is not accepted or a way that hurts the person. For example if a child was sitting on the  floor refusing to move the care worker should not handle the child in a way it will hurt them, a way of doing this would be kicking them out of the way or grabbing their arm in a way that hurts them this is a form of physical abuse as the child has been hurt, this manner is not accepted in any health and social care setting or any type of job. A professional way to solve the problem would be to talk to the child or pick the child up in a soft professional manner. Ageism is discrimination or unfair treatment based on a person’s age. This can have an impact on someone’s confidence, job prospects, financial situation and quality of life, for example if an elderly person wanted a job and they didn’t get it because they were too old this would be ageism towards the elderly person. Age should not matter when getting a job and age discrimination should not be permitted when working in a health and social care setting. Another example of ageism is if a care worker was caring for an elderly person and she made a comment about the elderly person not been able to do something because she is too â€Å"old† this would be age discrimination. Just because a person is old it does not mean they are not capable of doing things. Ageism could also happen to a younger person, a younger person could be seen as â€Å"thick† because they do not have much life experience this could result in it been harder for a younger person to get a job. This could affect the younger person because they may lose self esteem and may rely on benefits. This type of discrimination and should not be tolerated when working in a health and social care setting. An older person may see some affects in their life because of their age, the may lose their job or be forced into redundancy so that a younger person can take their place. Some elderly people may not be entitled to disability benefit even if they qualify because of their age. The possible outcomes of discriminating against someone are: * Feeling intimidated because the person could say some horrible things or make the elderly person feel alone * Feeling bullied because being discriminated against is an act of bulling * Frustrated because they might not know what to do to solve the discrimination towards the, or they are not getting the right help or support * Their health may deteriorate e.g., from stress or not receiving the right care, their medicine not been given out or been given out on time, or they could receive the wrong medicine * Feel  annoyed because they might not now what to do to stop the discrimination * Embarrassed to tell anyone because they may feel like people might laugh at them for telling or if it is a care worker discriminating the person the may feel scared to tell anyone incase it got worse or people did not believe them * Feel angry because the have not done anything wrong and do not understand why they are being picked on Marg inalisation is an effect of discrimination. This means being on the edge of society being moved to the edge. It is where individuals or groups are prevented from accessing services, such as health care. It is where a person is cut of from cultural and social activities; this could be from family or a care worker. When a person is marginalized they are made to feel like they are different and this is different in a negative way. For example a lower class person being admitted to a private care trust because there is no room anywhere elder and being surrounded by upper class service users. They may begin to feel like they are been treated differently. They may feel discriminated against because they are not upper class. People who are socially excluded are more likely to be marginalized because they do not have many people around them, people may not want to be around them or include them because they may not have much money or may come from a poor background. http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=481398 Moonie et al. (2003). BETEC National Care. Oxford. Heinemann Disempowerment is when services are expected to fit in with the service rather than the service adapting to meet that persons needs. Disempowerment also means not letting a person make their own choices for themselves, for example not having their own choice what they have for breakfast or what time they get up in the morning. Their choices are made for them without considering the person first. The effect this has on the person is that they may lose all individuality because they have no choices. Another example of disempowerment is if a disabled man applies for a job, his disability is that he is wheelchair bound and he does not get the job because he is in a wheelchair. The reason why he does not get the job is because the building does not have wheelchair access. This is disempowerment towards the person because the place does not fit around him he has to fit around the complications.