The Process of Making Leather free essay sample

Unfortunately, in China, there are no welfare laws which can prevent slaughter houses from treating the animals inhumanly. Furthermore, â€Å" In India, a PETA investigation found workers break cows tails and rub chili pepers and tobacco into their eyes in order to force them to get up and walk after they have collapsed. † You would think the United States treats animals better due to the laws created to protect the animals, unfortunately, the United States treats animals just as bad as other counties. In 1960, the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act was passed in order to pr

White Paper Essays

White Paper Essays White Paper Essay White Paper Essay Seem l: Internet and Web Technologies Rules: Case study and white paper both should be submitted in soft copy format. Any one case study topic and one white paper topic can be selected from the list given below. Expected format for both: Title page including names, division (A/B), PRNG numbers and photographs of the students Table of contents Actual material Summary References Abbreviations if any If the format is not maintained or any of the above details are omitted, 25% marks would be deducted. Length of the case study/white paper is not important. Originality and sincere efforts are more important. Groups of two students each can do this. All referenced material needs to be acknowledged. If the submission is copy-pasted from other sources, no marks would be given. Copying each others case study/white paper would also result into zero marks for both groups (copying group as well as original group). Last date for submission would be Saturday, 21 September. The CRY can email me a single zip file or give the submissions on a CD. Submissions made after this deadline would result into zero marks. Viva would be conducted on this later. Case Study Impact of digital media on the reading habits of people Comparison of various e-book readers in detail Social networking: Is it a fad? Does social networking really help in making democracy stronger? Piracy and the Internet Digital music and copyrights Comparison of various FTP servers available in the market The future of Internet standards What is new in Internet protocols Video streaming technologies

Final Constitution Project--the Country Of Houstatlantavegas Assignment

Final Constitution Project--the Country Of Houstatlantavegas - Assignment Example A Senate term will be four years while that of the house of representative is two years with both parties having unlimited number of terms they can serve. Both the president and the vice president shall be voted in by the citizens through free and secret ballot. The president will later nominate the cabinet and the Supreme Court justices who are eventually approved by the Senate. One shall have to attain the age of twenty -five years and been living in the country for at least seven years (Ritchie, 2006). If a vacancy in the elective posts occurs, the executive in charge shall issue a notice within sixty days. If it happens to be the president, the vice president shall automatically be the President for the remaining period. A runoff election occurs in the case of tied votes for any level of elective post. The president shall be required to get twenty-five percent of the total votes in twenty-seven states. Any candidate who proved to have violated the election regulations shall automatically not participate, and one can cease to hold an office through a vote of no confidence by three-thirds of the house (Ritchie,

Research paper Critique Of Human Resource Managment Essay

Research paper Critique Of Human Resource Managment - Essay Example Secondly, is the complete documentation of data and methodology, which could be made available to other researchers upon request, thus enabling others the opportunity to test the viability of research results, critique a research or establish statistical measures of reliability of the research results (Polit et al, 2001; Bozinovski, 1995). Research in the field of International Human Resources Management is intended to expand what is known in the practice of Human Resources (HR), empower the professional HR manager to capably foresee and manage the complex and constantly changing challenges facing the human resources management, as this is paramount for the continuous relevance of human resources management as a tool for achieving the developmental and market competitive goals of firms and companies, in the emerging global market (Parahoo, 1997). Critiquing a research work, therefore, involves a caref... The purpose of this paper is to critically analyse a chosen piece of human resources management research report titled 'The Impact Of Human Resource Management Practices On The Implementation Of Total Quality Management: An Empirical Study On High-Tech Firms' a recent paper presented earlier this year by Ching-Chow Yang (2006) and published in the TQM Magazine Vol. 18 No. 2, pp. 162-173. Generally, the research paper looks into what relationship exists, if any, between Human Resources practices and the implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM). This is reportedly, due to the high failure rate in the implementation of TQM despite its perceived numerous benefits in generating improved quality and efficiency, increasing customer satisfaction and market competitiveness. The researcher argue that, although, this high failure rate of TQM implementation has been attributed to the fact that companies and firms place little importance on human resources management, as it affects TQM, little or no empirical research efforts exists to back up this argument. This has therefore given rise to the necessity of the research at hand. Objectively evaluated, this appears to be a reasonable premise upon which the research effort is based, thus enhancing the utility of such a research results for the implementation of TQM and improvements of human resources practices. As suggested by Stevens et al. (1993), this research therefore fulfils the requirement of adding to knowledge and expanding what is already known in the field of enquiry. Research Structure Quoting Confucius, Farh et al. (2005) stated that "a mechanic who wishes to do his work well must first sharpen his tools." They explained that when conducting high quality empirical

Racism in South Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Racism in South Africa - Essay Example In South Africa for instance, Apartheid, a racist system was introduced in the 1940s by the Nationalist Party (ICFTU, 1984). These comprised of a 4.5 million minority that ruled over 21.5 majority Blacks. They propelled the racist dominance through the establishment of untrammeled system of abnormal powers that affected every other aspect of life. Symbolically Apartheid was inclined towards separation, exploitation and domination of the Whites over the preconceived inferior Blacks. Apartheid defined individuals in any social setup by racial segregation and the formal designation of individuals basing on color. The oppression was however exercised in myriad ways: disenfranchising all, impoverishing most, relegating them to Bantu education and thus permanent economic inferiority, expelling millions from ancestral land, imprisoning hundreds of thousands, and killing many. The machinery of apartheid was supported by laws, which were passed by a sovereign parliament which had the power to pass any law it wished, however oppressive, the courts were powerless to challenge them except on narrow interpretation or administrative law grounds. In short, the legal system was doctored to suit the interest of racism. Race conceptualised as a constraining and external characteristic. According to Durkheim concept of social facts racism could be portrayed as a conditional external repressive system. Created by a minority of individuals in a society and racially imposed upon a majority of the society against their will. The evil that Jim Crow's system exercised upon the Afrikaans was subversive, barbaric and unwelcome and acted contrary to the free will. Practical constrains of racism are evident when segregation soared greater heights that determined of where people lived, whom they could marry, where their children went to school, what they were taught, whether they could be in a particular area (cities especially) without a pass, what swimming pool, library and restaurant they could use, and, of course, whether they could vote. Less formally, the situation was even worse: police brutality was legendary, civil rights in daily life virtually nonexistent, wage differentials immense, and women's household labor virtually domestic slavery (Marcuse, 1995). Consequently the fact that Apartheid was enforced in foreign languange implied that Africans had to be familiar with the same language in order to enhance their aggression and agitate for their basic human rights with one voice. The social fact of language certainly meant that it was difficult, to do otherwise. In broader aspect this could be seen as a constrain that limited the freedom of action to enhance a collective mass psychology to demand and to bring about changes. This constrain behavior imposed upon individuals against there will limited their inalienable rights to free will hence unable to make decisions. And also it was impossible to resist the dominant way of doing things because to change it would require widespread co-operation. This had detrimental effects upon their social well-being. How race has been used to maintain law & order in society. In South Africa ethnic or regional "intrawhite"

Management of Geriatric Health Facilities

Management of Geriatric Health Facilities Nirpreet Kaur Brar ABSTRACT The main purpose of the report is to tell about the different organisation’s services provided to elderly and how they can bring more improvements in their services. It also describes how to minimize the stigma impacts on individuals and their family. In this report the problems among elderly are described and the management of those problems is also described in the report. The report was descriptive in nature. The data was analysed and interpreted. INTRODUCTION In the field of healthcare, support planning for geriatric clients and family is packed with excitement, challenges, obstacles, confusions or frustrations, but all these are combined with the sense of purpose and commitment. Geriatric care management is the process in which planning and coordinating care of the elderly is done to meet the long term care needs of the elders, improving the quality of life of the elderly and maintaining the independence of the old people for a long time. It makes a part to work with persons of old age and their families to manage, render and refer various types of health and social care services. The common medical conditions which affect elderly are diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dementia etcetera. TASK-1 Identify and critically analyse the kind of support and access to community support services Kindly residential care rest home. Select at least five different organisations and explain how their services assist the elderly with common geriatric health conditions. Answer: -1) The Parkinsonism society of New Zealand (Parkinson’s New Zealand):- This society is for the old people who are affected by Parkinson’s. It provides support not just to the individuals with Parkinson’s but to their friends and families also. There is a list below for the carer to consider for providing care to the old persons:- Sufficient information about the need of the person you are supporting. Should have a diary to keep and record the symptoms and difficulties of the person you are caring. Should ask the Parkinson’s community educator about the financial benefits of the old person. Consider about the feelings and what you are doing. Should contact with other carers. It is the key to provide invaluable mutual support, ideas, information and friendship. Should promote independence for the person you are caring for. 2) Alzheimer’s New Zealand: The Alzheimer’s services are available to everyone who has dementia. The groups of this society are free and available in variety of locations such as North, south, east and west. The workers provide a comprehensive range of help and support of dementia which includes:- Telephone consultation and advice Home visits Family groups and individual consultations Excellent information resources Home based dementia support provides:- One to one socialisation for the person with dementia either in home or by the outings etcetera The staff runs weekly activity groups for people with dementia’s early stage for providing appropriate socialisation and stimulation. The Alzheimer’s New Zealand is strategic framework which is demanding and based on future for the national dementia community which provides the direction which in turns required for us to know how to meet the challenge of dementia at present or in the future. In New Zealand dementia is one of the most significant and growing challenge of the health care. There is a framework which challenges all of the organisations in the dementia community. 3) Arthritis New Zealand: Arthritis New Zealand is not-for-profit organisation which aims at enabling a better quality of life to the people which are affected by arthritis? It works in the areas of education, direct support and public awareness etcetera. It is one of the New Zealand’s leading charities which represent the interest of 530,000 people which are living with this painful disease. It aims at enabling a better quality of life for the people having arthritis. The generous community and their contribution help it. It costs $5.6 million annually to provide essential services. The 12% of this cost is provided by the government to the organisation. The rest of the cost has to find from elsewhere. For example through fundraising activities like lotteries and Annual Appeals. The net income which is raised through these fundraising activities is spent throughout 21 arthritis centres. 4) Osteoporosis New Zealand:-Osteoporosis New Zealand is a national organisation which aims at reducing the incidence of osteoporosis in New Zealand. It was formed for the aim of raising awareness and knowledge of osteoporosis and for providing a national voice for people with osteoporosis and for those who are at risk. The main objective of this society is to:- Improve bone health for all New Zealanders. Develop a culture in New Zealand for valuing bone health for life. Osteoporosis New Zealand is dedicated to improve bone health for all New Zealanders at all stages of life. This is done by scientific evidence based decision making through the development of management recommendations and position statements by providing advice, educational material and information for the public and advocating for better access to diagnosis and medication for osteoporosis. 5) Glaucoma New Zealand: Glaucoma New Zealand is a charitable interest which aims at eliminating blindness from glaucoma. It is number one preventable cause in New Zealand. Glaucoma aims at:- Enhancing public awareness regarding glaucoma Supporting and informing people with glaucoma Educating eye health workers for ensuring high quality services. Facilitate research into glaucoma. The key massage of glaucoma New Zealand is that the early detection of glaucoma is vital to prevent blindness which means an eye examination every five years from the age of 45 and every three years from the age of sixty. However at any age any changes noticed in eyesight then eye examination is necessary at that time. It is really important for the people to know that if glaucoma runs in their family the risk increases among every member substantially. At the age of 60 there are more chances of getting glaucoma or short sighted, if anybody used to consume drugs in past or present or have eye injury. Glaucoma activities include:- To aid early detection of glaucoma annual public awareness campaigns are established For educating the people and those with the interest of glaucoma regular public meetings are conducted for helping them to understand about the disease condition and treatment of that disease A glaucoma membership information package Eyesight publication- a regular newsletter sent free Support and inform people with glaucoma Participating in education of health professionals involved in glaucoma care Supporting research into glaucoma In information and education of glaucoma following things are done:- Presentation at public meetings around the country Free information packs for people who are registered Advisory service Fact sheets for distribution by ophthalmologists and optometrists Quarterly newsletter:eyelights b) Select at least six of the following type of services provision and explain how these assist the elderly with common geriatric health condition Hospitals: A hospital provides emergency medical care; intensive treatment; diagnostic testing and it may or may not require admission. The elder people use hospitals more than the younger people. The geriatric interdisciplinary team identifies and meet the complex needs of the old patients and watch for and prevent common problems among the old people. This team aim to ensure the following:- The patient can move easily from one care setting to another care setting The care is not duplicated 2) Residential care: Private companies and not-for-profit organisation provides the residential care in New Zealand. In most of the cases care cost of the individual is subsidised by the government funding which is known as residential care subsidy. Residential care divided into four levels: rest home care long term care hospital, dementia care and psycho geriatric care. Some of the homes provide all levels of care but some do not. 3) Psychiatric services: It is a time limited service which provides assessment, treatment, and management rehabilitation and consultation advice for old people who have functional or organic health conditions. The services are delivered in holistic way that acknowledges and takes account of the client’s cultural, social and spiritual needs as well as their disability and health needs. The service is provided in one of the following locations:- Dedicated mental health service for old people Acute adult mental health ward Assessment and treatment beds in private hospitals Clinics including outreach to rural and remote areas 4) Dementia advisors: Dementia advisors provide following services:- Education and training for people with dementia and their families. Workforce training and education Readily accessible services Governance Culturally appropriate services Funding streams Monitoring and evaluation Advocacy 5) Nursing homes: These are to maximize the physical functioning minimize or prevent the decline in daily living activity and plan for transitions of care. The care strategies include: Maintaining daily routines of individuals. Educate older adults, family and formal caregivers on the value of independent functioning and the consequences of functional decline. Minimize bed rest 6) Sheltered housing: The New Zealand population is ageing. But within the older population older age groups are increasing rapidly which results in increasing of life expectancy, which is higher for women as compared to men due to which women will experience more years with the disability at the end of the life. These factors combine to underline the vulnerability of older women and to suggest that their needs be given a high profile in the planning and designing for housing for older people. TASK-2 QUESTION- Kindly residential care rest home management would like you to prepare an outline of a booklet that they could have printed and use as part of the educational material supplied to stakeholders within the organisation which include staff, individual clients and family members. Management have identified the following stigma impacts: Social isolation of the individual and their family Answer: People living alone have few social connections and the nature of the dementia can make it hard for them to maintain social contacts. It can be defined as the absence of social interactions, contacts and relationships with family and friends. It is considered as a risk factor in disease development and in the existing disease disability. It is included as well as in the measure of quality of life and thus it is an outcome and also risk factor. Social isolation consideration almost always occurs in the context of social support and the two in most cases are used interchangeably. Both concepts are defined inexactly over the past few decades. A new study has shown that being socially isolated can have a greater effect on risk of early death especially among the elderly. In addition feeling of loneliness reported by the participants often linked with isolation was not significantly linked with death risks. Assumption of automatic loss of independence:- Answer: One may feel that by asking others for help, you will lose your sense of self or become dependent. The policies which are designed to meet the challenges of old population should be based on understandings of process of disability in old age. Unable to make decisions about own care:- Answer: Patients have the right to participate in decisions about their care, e.g., diagnostic and treatment interventions, diet, ambulation, daily care, and end-of-life care. Consent to diagnostic and treatment interventions requires that the patient demonstrate their ability to consider the benefits, burdens and risks of the decision. Whether or not an individual has the capacity to understand, make a decision and take responsibility for the consequences of the decision is a clinical determination; it is not a question of legal competence. Persons with mild-to-moderate dementia can have the capacity to make some, but not all, decisions. They may be able to participate in decision making but impaired memory recall might preclude their ability to demonstrate that they understand the treatment options. Dissatisfying interactions with the medical community Answer: One of the barrier that put the person with dementia in serious conditions by approving and complying to medical management. Many researchers stress the clinical and theoretical importance of effective communication in medical encounters Both empirical data and clinical experience suggest that there are important ways that physicians can maintain and enhance the health and well-being of patients, as well as family caregivers, by fostering mutuality through a triadic relationship Geriatric patients usually have a complex array of interacting biomedical, psychosocial, and functional disabilities .Caregivers play a substantial role in assisting patients in daily activities .In addition to the physical disabilities associated with age related co-morbidities, many older patients have cognitive impairment that compromises their ability to exercise judgment and report symptoms and experiences. Caregivers have knowledge of the patients physical, social, cognitive, and financial well-being, and bring this information to the medical encounter. This factor necessitates that physicians extend their learning possibilities and information-giving practices to caregivers. Research on geriatric encounters typically focuses on the many problems that exist between doctors and their geriatric patients, especially difficulties of patient communication .Other studies call attention to problems with the elderly persons capacity for self-care. Wait kin (1991) notes that some of the most interesting and important features of research on geriatric medical encounters involve concerns about matters that appear marginal or peripheral to the technical goals of clinical medicine. He found that elderly patients personal troubles included social isolation, financial insecurity, loss of community and material possessions, death of family members, and retirement from work. Physicians often responded to such social psychological problems by cutting off any discussion about social context and reemphasizing technical matters. At best, the current literature only implicitly addresses the pivotal role caregivers play in this relationship. Uncertainty of support and treatments:- In 2010/11 a wide range of health professionals, service providers and consumers were engaged in a process to develop a new way to deliver good quality, safe and sustainable services to meet the needs of the increasing number of older people in Hawke’s Bay. The model outlined in this document was been developed in line with the key principles of the government’s Better, Sooner, More Convenient and initiative. Evidence of what really makes a difference in the lives of older people was drawn upon, along with evidence of what has worked to reduce the pressure on hospitals both in New Zealand and overseas. Many older people especially those who are intensive users of health and support services have long term health conditions and support needs that require ongoing monitoring and follow-up. The model of care described here has been developed as a generic model which has the potential to be applied to other client groups with long term needs. Report prepared by Andrea Joplin, Project ManagerKey developments outlined in this paper includes: The establishment of an Older Person’s Health Service within Hawke’s Bay DHB. The closer alignment of the over 65s team at Options Hawke’s Bay with the DHB’s Older Person’s Health Services. The establishment of interdisciplinary Care Clusters aligned to General Practice groups to include a Care Manager, Allied Health and District Nursing. Piecemeal changes to older people’s services are unlikely to make significant gains in the quality of life for our clients or achieve clinical and financial sustainability. The development of Care Manager Roles to undertake comprehensive assessment, care planning and service coordination for older patients with very complex needs. The development of Community Geriatrician resources. The resourcing of intermediate care services in community settings. The development of restorative home-based support services. The Steering Group recognised at the outset of the planning process that piecemeal changes to older people’s services were unlikely to make significant gains in the quality of life for our clients or achieve clinical and financial sustainability. As such the developments discussed in this paper are not insignificant. However, changes will be made in an evolutionary, rather than revolutionary manner and the model may take several years to fully implement. Changes will need to be carefully planned and implemented in stages, as finances and other resources allow. There is a window of opportunity to begin service developments before the increase in the number of adults aged over 85 years begins in earnest in 2013-2014. It will be possible to redirect existing resources to fund some of the new services in 2011/12, but there will also be a need for further investment in coming years as the proportion of older people in the Hawke’s Bay population grows. RECOMMENDATIONS There should be regular monitoring of the services to maintain good performance and to assess the areas of improvements. Planning should be made to provide good services and then that planning should be implemented in a better way. Sufficient staff should be there in every organisation to support and treat the old people. Good management for everything is very necessary. Conclusion The group believed that utmost management of geriatric health facilities is as important to the safety of the patient, the value given to staff, and the profit of the institution. The staff’s safety is also as much important as the patient’s safety. If staff will be good then only he /she can take care of his residences. REFRENCES Alzheimer’s New Zealand (1982) Retrieved from http://alzheimers.org.nz/ Hospital care and elderly (2013) Retrieved from http://merckmanuals.com/geriatrics/elderly/hospital_care_and_the_elderly Mental health services for old people (2014) Retrieved from http://otago.ac.nz/christchurch/otago014051 Social isolation among older individuals (1992) Retrieved from http://nap.edu/openbook.php Loss and recovery of independence among seniors (July 2002) Retrieved from http://odesi1.scholarsportal.info/documentation/PHIRN/NSAI/6316-eng

Professional Products Essay

Case Study 1 1. How does Accenture People site help Accenture better serve its customers? a. It helps in the sense that it makes the other people who are working in other countries to help with getting information easier. They are able to share information easily of different projects and are able to communicate directly rather than waiting. This will help consumers with their output and they will receive things on time or even early. 2. How successful do you think Accenture will be at getting its employees to create their profiles? b. I think Accenture will be very successful in getting their employees to create their profiles. This social network will be an easy use for all employees and will play a major role in communication between all the employees in all the different countries. 3. Can you see any drawbacks related to employees creating their own profiles? c. One drawback that I see with employees creating profiles is lack of time. They will spend a lot of time just like people spend on Facebook and that can take time away from doing important things. This can delay production and projects. Case Study 2 1. How would you describe Professional Products’ growth strategy? a. I think that there strategy is very good. They hire enough people to get the job done and don’t have to deal with the hardship of laying people off. They work enough so they don’t overwork their employees. 2. Why would Professional Products’ commit to no layoffs in its expansion? Is this a positive move, or could it be detrimental to the company? b. Because if the company is expanding in other countries then there needs to be workers that can look after the work of those workers and make sure the work is being done right. It will not be detrimental to the company because if they layoff employees and they are loaded with more work then they will let go of experienced employees which can be harmful to them 3. In addition to training employees for other jobs, what other HR strategies might the firm employ to maintain its relationship with its domestic employees? c. They might try and send trained employees from the U.S.A. to the other countries; outsource them and work with them to make domestic employees more comfortable at what they do and need to be doing. They can also try holding annual meetings at a center location and doing focus groups in order for all the employees around the world communicate with one another and learn everything together.

Humanity Definition Essay

Many have debates on whether humans are naturally humane or if they become more or less because of their society and vice versa. In other words, people are a function of their society. Human beings tend to group themselves in to multiple groups with various likes and differences. These groups can affect society and society can have an impact on these groups. Therefore, society can affect certain groups over time. As societies evolve, they are subjected to social changes which include factors that may or may not affect the species. For example, the external factors of society (including war, immigration, natural disasters and technology), seize of human population, and governments are key elements that cause social changes that are relevant to cause changes in humanity over time. Science for All American Online states that, â€Å"The condition of one generation limit and shape the range of possibilities open to the next. On the one hand, each new generation learns the society’ cultural forms and thus does not have to reinvent strategies for producing food, handling conflict, educating people, governing, and so forth. It also learns aspirations for how society can be maintained and improved. On the other hand tensions way lead to war, wide-scale drug abuse, poverty and deprivation, racism. And a multitude of private group advances† (â€Å"Chapter†). In this quote, it describes how certain social changes change society and the groups that form society. Therefore, people are more or less because of society and there is no such this as human nature. Many socialists suggest, â€Å"Human beings are so great that there is no such thing as human nature – that we are simply a reflection of social surroundings with no inherit behavior, no core or ‘essence’ or special qualities that makes us human†¦if we can somehow perfect our social surroundings, we can perfect the human beings† (Le Blanc). In this quotation, it explains how some believe there is not human nature and that people are products of their social surroundings. Societies afflict social changes which may or may not affect the species of human beings. Social changes can afflict, any social conflicts which demands society to regulate the conflict in order to avoid competition between groups. When society undergoes changes for the good or bad, conflict can evolve. This may cause groups in society or fight, argue and get in disputes. The people can face internal conflict or external conflict in their groups of interest. Science for All Americans Online describes, â€Å"There is social conflict between all human societies†¦Conflict between people or groups often arise from competition for resources power, and status. Family members fight for attention. Individuals fight to compete for jobs and wealth. Nations compete for territory and prestige. Different interest groups compete for influence and the power to make rules. Often the competition is not for resources but for ideas – one person or group wants to have ideas or behavior of another group suppressed, punished, or declared illegal† (â€Å"Chapter†). The source that provided this quote describes house the conflict in society arises from the demand for ideas; not from resources. The groups that argue and cause disputes change society and change themselves out of these disputes. The ideas that come out of these arguments may cause change in many things. Paul Le Blanc explains â€Å"There would be opportunity for a much higher level of individual satisfaction with life; conflict and violence would be reduced is alternative social moans would negate the currently felt need for self-help would readily be accessible; and in any case there would be a greater degree of equality and a greater sense of security in the social system† (Le Blanc). To achieve what the quote explains, society would have to change. Therefore the people in society that have been affected would also change. The selflessness, struggle, and abuse would all change. All of the bitter dynamics of social struggle that demonstrate our nature would seek change. The social conflict that evolves in society demands that people fix the conflict, in order to avoid the competition of the social gro ups with similar interests. Throughout human beings’ life society impacts your life in many ways. People are a product of society and social groups that evolve overtime and there is no such this as human nature. Social changes can afflict conflict which demands competition and change in society and as society’s progress, they face social changes. Society changes social groups over time. Works Cited â€Å"Chapter 7: Human Society.† Science For All Americans Online. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1990. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. http://www.project2061,org/publications/sfaa/online/chap7.htm. Le Blanc, Paul. â€Å"Human Nature.† Human Nature and How it Changes. Vol.i, No.2.Web. 21Oct. 2012. http://www.laborstandard.org/Vol1No2/Human_Nature.htm.

The Whitlam Dismissal 1975

The Whitlam Dismissal 1975 The dismissal of the Whitlam Government on November 11th in 1975 remains to this day one of the most dramatic political events in Australian history. 'The Dismissal' is a term that has come into general use since 1975, to describe the termination of the elected Whitlam Labor Government by the then Governor-General, Sir John Kerr. The event came as the culmination of one of the most tension-filled years in Australian political history. The Whitlam Government, elected in 1972 after 23 years of Liberal rule, was dealing with an economic downturn and facing considerable criticism following a number of scandals. Its ability to govern was also destabilised by the fact that it lacked a clear majority in the Senate. The Whitlam Government suffered a block in supply in 1974 and was re-elected after the resulting double dissolution. The Opposition then blocked supply again in 1975 but the Whitlam Government refused to advise a double dissolution or resign.Gough WhitlamGovernor-General Sir John Kerr dismissed the Whitlam Government and forced them to an election. Kerr installed Fraser as caretaker Prime Minister and called for a full election of both Houses of Parliament on December 13. The events of 1975 caused enormous controversy at the time and there is still bitter dispute about the political and moral correctness of the decisions that were made.Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam's first 100 days in office in 1972 saw more radical changes than would be seen in almost 100 years of previous Governments. The Whitlam government ended conscription and ordered the last Australian troops home from Vietnam. It made several radical movements such bringing in legislation giving equal pay to women, establishing a national health service free to all, doubling spending on education and abolishing university fees, increasing wages, pensions and unemployment benefits, ending censorship and replacing...

Real Estate Law Terminology in Cyprus essayEssay Writing Service

Real Estate Law Terminology in Cyprus essayEssay Writing Service Real Estate Law Terminology in Cyprus essay Real Estate Law Terminology in Cyprus essayThe ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¿Ã ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ± (market value) of the Cyprus real estate property market is growing. The market value is the price at which the real estate property in Cyprus is traded in a competitive environment. Companies operating in the industry have to obtain the ÃŽ ¬ÃŽ ´ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ®Ãâ€š (building permit) which is the legal permission to construct buildings and ÃŽ ¬ÃŽ ´ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±Ãâ€¡Ãâ€°Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¿Ã  (division permit) which is the building permit that allows reconstruction or change of existing buildings. Constructing companies or owners of buildings can obtain the division permit, unless the building is ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ·Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿ (indivisible), i.e. unless the building cannot be changed because it is the part of historical heritage, for example. Buildings and other facilities comprise ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ·Ãâ€žÃŽ ·ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ºÃâ€žÃŽ ·Ã Æ'ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ± (immovable property) which are solid buildings that cannot be removed or deconstructed.At the same time, owners of the real estate property should be aware of ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃÆ'Ï„Î ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ®ÃŽ ±Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ±ÃŽ »ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃ ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€°ÃÆ'ÃŽ · (compulsory acquisition) that means the right of the government to own the property from private owners under certain conditions, such as construction projects of the national scale or historical value of the land, where property is locate. The government may also use ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃÆ'Ï„Î ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ®ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ®(compulsory partition) which is the obligatory government acquisition of a part of the real estate property under certain conditions, such as war, historical heritage, national projects, or other reasons. In such a situation, real estate property owners have to accept the ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃÆ'Ï„Î ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ®Ãâ‚¬ÃÅ½ÃŽ »ÃŽ ·ÃÆ'ÃŽ · (compulsory sale) which is the obligatory sa le of the property, as a rule to the government. The compulsory sale is used to compensate the loss of property for private owners. In addition, there is a possibility of ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃÆ'Ï„Î ¹ÃŽ ºÃÅ'Ï‚Î ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±Ãâ€¡Ãâ€°Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¼ÃÅ'Ï‚ (compulsory division) when the real estate property undergoing the compulsory acquisition undergoes restructuring with the preservation of a part of the property for private owners and a part of the state. At this point, the definition of the price of the real estate is very important. The price may be established in terms of ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ±ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¼ÃÅ'Ï‚ (consolidation), when the price is determined as the period of indecision ends with a price of the real estate property breaks beyond the restrictive barrier. However, sellers and buyers may confront the risk of ÃŽ ±Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ³ÃÅ'Ï ÃŽ µÃâ€¦ÃÆ'ÃŽ · (prohibition), which is the legal ban of sale of real estate property. If there is no prohibition, the real estate property may undergo ÃŽ ±Ãâ‚¬ÃÅ'ÃŽ ºÃâ€žÃŽ ·ÃÆ'ÃŽ · (acquisition), when the real estate property is purchased by a buyer from a seller. After the acquisition, the new owner can have ÃŽ ±Ãâ‚¬ÃÅ'ÃŽ »ÃŽ ±Ãâ€¦ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·(enjoyment), which is the benefit obtained from the real estate property. There are the following types of types of real estates and respective benefits owners canreceive: ÃŽ ±Ã ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¶ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ­ (arazimerie), ÃŽ ±Ã ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¶ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ µÃŽ ²ÃŽ ¬Ãâ€ž(arazimevat), ÃŽ ±Ã ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¶ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ µÃŽ ²ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦Ãâ€ ÃŽ ­(arazimevkoufe), ÃŽ ±Ã ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¶ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ µÃŽ ¼ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦ÃŽ ºÃŽ ­ (arazimemlouke).At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that ÃŽ ±Ã Ãâ€¡ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ÃÅ'Ï„Î ·Ãâ€žÃŽ µÃâ€š (antiquities), which are historical items belonging to ancient epoch, are not sold in terms of real estate. The ÃŽ ±ÃŽ »ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ±Ãâ‚¬ÃÅ'Ï‚ (alien) is the property that may be estranged from its owners under existing legal norms. ÃŽ ² ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿Ã Ãâ€ ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ·Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ µÃ ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ± (vakf property) is the form of property in Cyprus, which implies the unconditional and permanent dedication of property with implied detention of the property in the ownership of God. The property and benefits from it can be extinguished from the owner and applied for the benefit of mankind, unless prohibited by Islam.The ÃŽ ³ÃŽ · (land) is the physical area defining the location of the real estate property is subject to sale. ÃŽ ³ÃŽ µÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ®ÃŽ µÃŽ ³ÃŽ ³Ã ÃŽ ±Ãâ€ ÃŽ ®(general registration) is essential for the real estate property in Cyprus after the construction or acquisition. After the acquisition, the new property owner should send the ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ½Ãâ€°ÃÆ'Ï„Î ¿Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ·ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ±Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ±ÃŽ »ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃ ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€°ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š (notice of acquisition), which is the legal form of informing the authorities about the purchase of the property.The ÃŽ ´ÃŽ µÃÆ'ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ µÃâ€¦Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ®Ã Ãâ€¦ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ± (road widening scheme), for example, may be essential for the safety of the local transportation system that will involve compulsory partition or acquisition to buy out the real estate property in Cyprus. Another example of such purchase of real estate property is the construction of ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ¼ÃÅ'ÏÆ'ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š ÃŽ ´Ã ÃÅ'ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (public road) which naturally involves the deconstruction of some buildings including real estate property of private owners.Nevertheless, ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ­ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ·ÃÆ'Ï…Î ¼Ãâ€ ÃŽ µÃ ÃÅ'ÃŽ ½Ãâ€žÃâ€°ÃŽ ½ (bundle of rights) has to be respected that means that all stakeholders should respect the property and related rights of property owners. In this regard, one of the main stakeholders’ rights is the right to ÃŽ ´ÃŽ µÃÆ'Ï€ÏÅ'ÃŽ ¶ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ·Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿ (dominant tenement), which is the right to have the property, where the individual resides and which is the main property, wh ere the property owner is registered.   Furthermore, ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¡ÃŽ ® (tenure) comprises the core subject to legal issues associated with the ownership and transition of rights of real estate property because tenure is the residence that is in one’s possession.The property may be purchased not only in terms of compulsory sale but also by means of ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬Ã ÃŽ ±ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ± (auction), which is the public trading of the real estate property, where the buyer offering the highest bid purchases the real estate property. In fact, the real estate property at the ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¬ÃŽ ¸ÃŽ µÃÆ'ÃŽ ·(disposal), i.e. legal ownership or the right to manage and trade the property, can be traded in any way, either through contract with buyers or through auctions. The ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¬Ãâ€žÃŽ ±ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ±Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ±ÃŽ »ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃ ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€°ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š (order of acquisition) is another step in the purchase of the property which involves steps leading toward t he full or partial ownership of the real estate property. The rights to real estate property may be also transited to heirs of the real estate property after his/her death by ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±Ãâ€¡ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'Ï„Î ®Ãâ€šÃŽ ±Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¸ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃÅ'ÃŽ ½Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (administrator of a deceased). The administrator of the deceased may be replaced by or perform the role of the ÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃâ€žÃŽ µÃŽ »ÃŽ µÃÆ'Ï„Î ®Ãâ€šÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¸ÃŽ ®ÃŽ ºÃŽ ·Ãâ€š (executor of will), who acts according to the will of the deceased person.  The ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¬Ãâ€žÃŽ ±ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±ÃŽ µÃâ‚¬ÃŽ ¯ÃÆ'χÎ µÃÆ'ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š (Retention Order) determines how the real estate property remains in the ownership of the property holder. The ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±Ãâ€¡ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'Ï„Î ®Ãâ€š (administrator) can manage the property at the stage of the transfer of the property from a ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¬Ã ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¡ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (transferor), who is the current owner of the property to the ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ´ÃÅ'χÎ ¿Ãâ€š (transferee), who is the future owner of the property. The ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€°ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ± (right) to real estate property becomes intact as soon as a buyer and seller or a transferor and transferee sign a contract. The ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€°ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃÅ'ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦(right of way)= ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€°ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¬ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ±ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š (right of passage) provides an individual, for example an administrator, with the right to transmit the real estate property to a transferee or buyer.At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that real estate property owners have the ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€°ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ± ÃŽ µÃâ‚¬ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±Ã Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ±Ãâ€š (right of usufruct), which is the right to use two property interests of usus and fructus, which are interests of possession and obtaining profits from the property. In addition, real estate owners have the ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€°ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ± ÃŽ µÃâ‚¬ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ®Ãâ€š à Æ'Ï…Î ³ÃŽ ºÃâ€¦Ã ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦ (co-owner’s option), which is the option of mutual possession of property and respective exercising of this right. At the same time, citizens of Cyprus as well as foreigners have the ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€°ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ºÃŽ ·ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š (right of habitation), which is the right to reside in real estate property, without having the right of possession of that property. In addition, they have the right of ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦ÃŽ »ÃŽ µÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ±(easement), which is the right to enter and use the real estate property without owning it. The easement involves the concept of ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦ÃŽ »ÃŽ µÃ ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ·Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿ (servient tenement), which is the land subject to easement. The owner of the property that is subject to easement is the ÃŽ µÃŽ ³ÃŽ ³ÃŽ µÃŽ ³Ã ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€šÃŽ ºÃ Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (registered owner), who possesses the real estate property but may not necessarily live there. The ÃŽ µÃŽ ³ÃŽ ³Ã ÃŽ ±Ãâ€ ÃŽ ® (registration) is the official assignment of the real estate owner to the particular property, where he/she is supposed to reside and which is the address of his/her judicial reference. The ÃŽ µÃŽ ³ÃŽ ³Ã ÃŽ ±Ãâ€ ÃŽ ® ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃÆ'Ï„Î ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ®Ãâ€š ÃŽ ±Ãâ‚¬ÃÅ'φÎ ±ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š (memo) regulates relationships and agreement between owners of the property and individuals living there. The memo may regulate relations between ÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¸Ãâ€°Ãâ€žÃŽ ®Ãâ€š (lessor), who gives his/her real estate property to use to individuals, who wanted to reside in the real estate property by means of the ÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¯ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¸Ãâ€°ÃÆ'ÃŽ · (lease), which is the agreement between parties that determine owners and residents of the real estate property. Parties signing the memo are ÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¡ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ±Ãâ€š (assignees). They should also sign a security agreement that makes them ÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¡ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ±Ãâ€šÃŽ µÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ±ÃÆ'φÎ ¬ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¹Ã Æ'ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š(assignee of security), who assigns the agreement as   the resident of the real estate property, and the ÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃâ€¡Ãâ€°Ã ÃŽ ·Ãâ€žÃŽ ®Ãâ€šÃŽ µÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ±ÃÆ'φÎ ¬ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š(assignor of security), who is the owner of the real estate property. The individual who initiates the assignment of the agreement is an ÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃâ€¡Ãâ€°Ã ÃŽ ·Ãâ€žÃŽ ®Ãâ€š (assignor). Parties involved in the agreement have to determine the ÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ± (assessed value), which comprise the marketing value of the real estate property as assessed by the parties and agreed with both parties. The ÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃâ€¡ÃÅ½Ã ÃŽ ·ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¯ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¸Ãâ€°ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š(assignment of a lease) is the agreement between parties involved in the lease relations. Each part has the ÃŽ µÃŽ »ÃŽ µÃâ€¦ÃŽ ¸ÃŽ µÃ ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ±(liberty) either to sign or not to sign the lease agreement. At the same time, the agreement is based on the ÃŽ µÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¯ÃÆ'Ï„ ÃŽ µÃâ€¦ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ± (trust), which implies that parties involved in the agreement trust each other in terms of the execution of the agreement. The owner and leasor of the property have the right to ÃŽ µÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬Ã ÃŽ ¬ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ¬Ã ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (encumbrance), which is the right to, interest in and legal liability on real estate property that does not prohibit passing title to the property but diminishes its value. The agreement may take into consideration such financial issues as the ÃŽ µÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬Ã ÃŽ ¬ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€°ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±(real interest), which is the nominal interest rate minus inflation to secure profits of the property owner.At the moment, Cyprus attempts to balance its real estate property legislation with that of the EU. Cyprus attempts to match European legal norms and coordinate its legal regulations with legal norms and policies introduced by the ΕυÏ Ãâ€°Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ±ÃÅ ÃŽ ºÃŽ ®ÃŽâ€¢Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¹Ãâ€žÃ ÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ® (E uropean Commission), the head body of the executive branch of power in the EU, and the ΕυÏ Ãâ€°Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ±ÃÅ ÃŽ ºÃÅ'ÃŽÅ¡ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ¿Ã ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿(European Parliament), the head body of the legislative branch of power in the EU. The introduction of common rules is essential because of Cyprus’ integration in the EU. The disrespect to EU legal norms may result in lawsuits filed by citizens of Cyprus to the ΕυÏ Ãâ€°Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ±ÃÅ ÃŽ ºÃÅ'ΔÎ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃÆ'ÃŽ ®Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿ (European Court), which is the major body of the judicial power of the EU. For the same purposes, Cyprus focuses on the ÃŽ µÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ·ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ® (unification and redistribution), which implies ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ±ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¼ÃÅ'Ï‚ (consolidation) in terms of the implementation of the harmonized rules and norms of Cyprus and the EU.Citizens of Cyprus can purchase the real estate property through mortgages, which are bank loans obtained from banks to purchase the property. The ÃŽ µÃŽ ½Ãâ€¦Ãâ‚¬ÃÅ'ÃŽ ¸ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿Ãâ€šÃŽ ´ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'Ï„Î ®Ãâ€š(mortgagee) is a person, who takes the loan to purchase the property, while the ÃŽ µÃŽ ½Ãâ€¦Ãâ‚¬ÃÅ'ÃŽ ¸ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿Ãâ€šÃŽ ¿Ãâ€ ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹ÃŽ »ÃŽ ­Ãâ€žÃŽ ·Ãâ€š(mortgagor) is the bank or another financial institution, which provides the loan to purchase the property. At the same time, citizens of Cyprus should take into consideration the concept of ÃŽ µÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ­Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ µÃ ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ± (undivided share) which comes into action, when one co-owns the property and has his/her undivided share that cannot be taken or bought from him/her without his/her consent. The ÃŽ µÃâ‚¬ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€žÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ºÃâ€žÃŽ ·ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ±Ãâ€š(requisition) is the request to perform certain legal actions in regard to the property, such as the request to sell one’s share in the property. The ÃŽ µÃâ‚¬ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€žÃ ÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (trustee), i.e. the one who wants to take legal right to manage the property, can request such a right from the owner of the property. The owner, in his/her turn, can use his ÃŽ µÃâ‚¬ÃŽ ¹Ãâ€ Ã ÃŽ »ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ÃÅ½ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (reservation of right), which allows him to reserve some rights, such as the right to sell the property, for him/herself and this right will not be trusted to any third party. Along with the private owners of the real estate property there are ÃŽ µÃâ€¦Ã Ãâ€°Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ±ÃÅ ÃŽ ºÃÅ' (ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃÅ') ÃŽ ºÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃâ€žÃŽ ·ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿ (community acquis) , which are public owners of the property and such property is owned by local communities and managed by their authorities.

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CRJS406(1) - Research Paper Example This entails establishing barriers, which will ensure that every crucial piece of evidence is maintained, in addition to sealing all entrances and exits to control entrances while excluding nonessential personnel and bystanders. The management of physical threats will make certain that safety of evidence and those authorized to be in the scene are handled in a secure manner. The barriers can comprise scene tape, vehicles, law enforcement officers, and barricades. Thirdly, a log is created which notes every person who crosses the barrier including the instances in which they come in and exit. This involves recording clear and succinct information regarding the preliminary observations and events. The aim of this documentation is to acquire information that will corroborate investigative considerations (Hess & Orthmann, 2009). Notably, the official investigators entering the scene need to wear proper protecting clothing, comprising a collection of overalls, facemasks, paper shoes, and latex gloves. After leaving the scene, every protecting clothing needs to be analyzed in order to avoid the danger of losing precious trace evidence (Hess & Orthmann, 2009). ... Every crime incident leaves out some traces at the scene, and since most of the traces are normally transient and brittle, when disturbed can destroy their reliability and preservation. Securing the scene will help the investigators to appropriately deduce details, in order to reconstruct the events that took place. Therefore, the goal of securing the scene is preserve the physical integrity of the traces (Sutton & Trueman, 2013). Walkthrough Walk-through is the first assessment conducted by an investigator by vigilantly walking through the scene in order to assess the state of affairs, identify likely evidence, in addition to determining the resources needed (Hess & Orthmann, 2009). The intention is to recognize threats to the crime scene integrity in order to safeguard the physical evidence. Even though the goal of Walk-through is to mentally prepare the premises regarding the reconstruction of scene, the theories can and should change as investigation advances (Dutelle, 2011). Dur ing the initial walkthrough, the primary responsibility before else is to reduce scene contamination. This entails establishing both entry and exit points, and the pathway. The other role of walkthrough is to determine the necessity for individual protective equipment before entry, followed by a documentation of the scene as initially observed. The objective is to recognize and protect fragile evidence, and it involves evaluating the crowds or hostile environment. It also entails a concluding survey, whose objective is to affirm that the scene has been effectively and entirely processed (Dutelle, 2011). Documentation The objective of crime scene documentation is to generate enduring and objective traces of the scene, including the physical

Criminal Theory Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Theory - Research Paper Example The paper also deals with the common models used by society to determine which acts are considered to be criminal, how they are affected by choice theories, and how they are enforced by the government. It is essential to identify the various choice theories and how they contribute to an in depth understanding of how crimes are being perceived by the society and the criminal justice system. Regoli and Hewitt have made some remarkable studies on the various choice theories on crimes and for the researchers choice theories hold â€Å"that people have free will, are rational and intelligent, and make informed decisions to commit crimes based on whether they believe they will benefit from doing so† (Regoli & Hewitt 66). Thus, an individual has the free will to decide whether to commit a crime or refrain from it in given situations. The ultimate choice of indulging in crimes rests on the individual himself. Very often, individuals commit crimes only after evaluating the possible ben efits as well as the consequences of the action in their lives. It can thus be inferred that individuals tend to keep themselves away from crimes when such consequences of crimes would lead them to pain, punishment, imprisonment or even death penalty. Choice theories can generally be categorized into rational choice theory, the routine activities theory and the life style theory. All these choice theories underline the fact that people are more inclined to commit crimes when right opportunities arise and there is nothing to deter or de-motivate them from such choices. The rational choice theory was developed and propagated by Ronald Clarke and Derek Cornish. The authors argue that offenders are â€Å"rational people who make calculated choices before they commit a criminal act† and as such they â€Å"collect, process, and evaluate information about the crime; they weigh the costs and benefits of the crime before they make the decision to commit it† (Regoli & Hewitt 67) . Thus, the rational choice theorists argue that offenders commit planned crimes where they decide whom to target and in what way to operate their criminal activities. The theory has great significance in the criminal justice system. It is imperative that there are powerful provisions of punishment and deterrence in the criminal justice system to put an end to rational choice crimes. From a rational choice perspective the decisions of the offenders regarding the crime are quite purposive, intentional and deliberative. However, these decisions can be â€Å"biased on limited information, made under pressure, insufficiently planned, and/or attentive only to the immediate risks of apprehension rather than to the long-term consequences of their actions† (Lilly, Ball & Cullen 342). Most often, crimes based on choice theories stem from the offender’s attempts to satisfy his/her needs to earn money, acquire social status or to take revenge. On the other hand, the offender woul d always try to get rid of the negative consequences of the crime which include arrest, punishment and imprisonment. However, rational choice theory does not focus very much on the background factors that are involved in the making of crimes. On the other hand, rational choice t